Clinical Review

Personality Disorders: A Measured Response

Clinician Reviews. 2016 February;26(2):90-97

References

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4. Bowins B. Personality disorders: a dimensional defense mechanism approach. Am J Psychother. 2010;64:153-169.

5. Raine A. Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006;2:291-326.

6. Rosell DR, Futterman SE, McMaster A, et al. Schizotypal personality disorder: a current review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16:452.

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8. Caspi A, Begg D, Dickson N, et al. Personality differences predict health-risk behaviors in young adulthood: evidence from a longitudinal study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;73:1052-1063.

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10. Vaillant GE. The beginning of wisdom is never calling a patient a borderline; or, the clinical management of immature defenses in the treatment of individuals with personality disorders. J Psychother Pract Res. 1992;1:117-134.

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Psychotherapy for PD is the first-line treatment

Psychotherapy is the most effective treatment for PDs.^11,17,18Several psychotherapies are used to treat these disorders, including dialectical behavioral therapy, schema therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). A recent study demonstrated the superiority of several evidence-based psychotherapies for PD compared to treatment-as-usual.¹⁷ Even more promising is that certain benefits have been demonstrated when psychotherapy is provided by clinicians without advanced mental health training.^19-21 However, the benefits of therapies for specific disorders are often limited by lack of available data, patient preference, and accessibility of resources.

Limited evidence supports pharmacotherapy

The use of pharmacotherapy for treating PDs is common, although there’s limited evidence to support the practice.^11,22 Certain circumstances may allow for the judicious use of medication, although prescribing strategies are based largely on clinical experience and expert opinion.

Prescribers should emphasize a realistic perspective on treatment response, because research suggests at best a mild-moderate response of some personality traits to pharmacotherapy.^11,22-25 There is no evidence for polypharmacy in treating PDs, and FPs should allow for sufficient treatment duration, switch medications rather than augment ineffective treatments, and resist the urge to prescribe for every psychological crisis.^11,22,25,26

Patient safety should always be a consideration when prescribing medication. Because use of second-generation antipsychotics is associated with the metabolic syndrome, the patient’s baseline weight and fasting glucose, lipids, and hemoglobin A1c levels should be obtained and monitored regularly. Weight gain can be particularly distressing to patients, increase stress and anxiety, and hinder the doctor-patient relationship.²⁵ Finally, medications with abuse potential or that can be lethal in overdose (eg, tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines) are best avoided in patients with emotional lability and impulsivity.^25,26

Tailor treatment to the specific PD

Patients often view the specific traits of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, such as perfectionism, as desirable.

Tx for cluster A disorders. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of psychotherapies for cluster A disorders. Cognitive therapy may have benefit in addressing cognitive distortions and social impairment in schizotypal PD.^11,12,22 There is little evidence supporting psychotherapy for paranoid PD, because challenging patients’ beliefs in this form is likely to exacerbate paranoia. Low-dose risperidone has demonstrated some beneficial effects on perceptual disturbances; however, the adverse metabolic effects of this medication may outweigh any potential benefit, as these symptoms are often not distressing to patients.^6,27 In comparison, patients often find deficits in memory and attention to be more bothersome, and some data suggest that the alpha-2 agonist guanfacine may help treat these symptoms.²⁸

Tx for cluster B disorders. Several forms of psychotherapy have proven effective in managing symptoms and improving overall functioning in patients with borderline PD, including dialectical behavioral therapy, mentalization-based therapy, transference-focused therapy, and schema therapy.²⁹ Dialectical behavioral therapy is often the initial treatment because it emphasizes reducing self-harm behaviors and emotion regulation.^11,17,26

Gunderson¹⁹ developed a more basic approach to treating borderline PD that is intended to be used by all clinicians who treat the disorder, and not just mental health professionals with advanced training in psychotherapy. A large, multisite randomized controlled trial found that the clinical efficacy of the technique, known as good psychiatric management, rivaled that of dialectical behavioral therapy.^20,21

The general premise is that clinicians foster a therapeutic relationship that is supportive, engaging, and flexible. Physicians are encouraged to educate patients about the disorder and emphasize improvement in daily functioning. Clinicians should share the diagnosis with patients, which may give patients a sense of relief in having an accurate diagnosis and allow them to fully invest in diagnosis-specific treatments.¹⁹

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluated pharmacotherapy for borderline PD often have had conflicting conclusions as a result of analyzing data from underpowered studies with varying study designs.^{23,24,26,30,31} In targeting specific symptoms of the disorder, the most consistent evidence has supported the use of antipsychotics for cognitive perceptual disturbances; patients commonly experience depersonalization or out-of-body experiences.²⁵ Additionally, the use of antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (lamotrigine and topiramate) appears to be somewhat effective for managing emotional lability and impulsivity.^26,32,33 Despite the widespread use of SSRIs, a recent systematic review found the least support for these and other antidepressants for management of borderline PD.²⁵

Tx for cluster C disorders. Some evidence supports using cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapies to treat cluster C PDs.³⁴ In contrast, there is little evidence to support the use of pharmacotherapy.³⁵ However, given the significant overlap among these disorders (especially avoidant PD) and social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder, effective pharmacologic strategies can be inferred based on data for those conditions.¹¹ SSRIs, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (eg, venlafaxine), and gabapentin have demonstrated efficacy in anxiety disorders and are reasonable and safe initial treatments for patients with a cluster C PD.^11,34

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