Julie M. Wood is a Consultant Medical Liaison of Neuroscience at Lilly USA, LLC, in Indianapolis. Sanjay Gupta is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, and at SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.
The authors report no financial relationships with any company whose products are mentioned in this article or with manufacturers of competing products.
This article was originally published in Current Psychiatry (2017;16[2]:21-25).
C-SSRS was developed by researchers at Columbia University to assess the severity of and track changes over time in suicidal ideation and behavior. C-SSRS is two pages and takes only a few minutes to administer; however, it also may be completed as a self-report measure. The questions are phrased in an interview format, and while clinicians are encouraged to receive training prior to its administration, specific training in mental health is not required.
The "Lifetime/Recent" version allows practitioners to gather lifetime history of suicidality as well as any recent suicidal ideation and/or behavior, whereas the "Since Last Visit" version of the scale assesses suicidality in patients who have completed at least one Lifetime/Recent C-SSRS assessment. A truncated, six-item "Screener" version is typically used in emergency situations. A risk assessment can be added to either the Full or Screener version to summarize the answers from C-SSRS and document risk and protective factors.29
Several studies have found C-SSRS to be reliable and valid for identifying suicide risk in children and adults.30,31USA Today reported that an individual exhibiting even a single behavior identified by the scale is eight to 10 times more likely to complete suicide.32 In addition, the C-SSRS has helped reduce the suicide rate by 65% in one of the largest providers of community-based behavioral health care in the United States.32
USING SCALES TO AUGMENT CARE
Each of the scales described in this article can easily be incorporated into clinical practice. The information the scales provide can be used to track progression of symptoms and effectiveness of treatment. Although rating scales should never be used alone to establish a diagnosis or clinical treatment plan, they can and should be used to augment information from the clinician's assessment and follow-up interviews.5
