A new analysis of notes penned by seniors who died by suicide reveals several common themes. These include feeling as if they were a burden, feelings of guilt, experiencing mental illness, loneliness, or isolation, as well as poor health and/or disability.
“The most important message [in our findings] is that there is hope,” study investigator Ari B. Cuperfain, MD, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, told this news organization.
“Suicide risk is modifiable, and we encourage that care providers sensitively explore thoughts of suicide in patients expressing depressive thoughts or difficulty coping with other life stressors,” he said.
The study was published online in The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
Opportunity for intervention
Most previous studies of late-life suicide have focused on risk factors rather than the themes and meaning underlying individuals’ distress.
Dr. Cuperfain’s group had previously analyzed suicide notes to “explore the relationship between suicide and an individual’s experience with mental health care in all age groups,” he said. For the current study, the investigators analyzed the subset of notes written exclusively by older adults.
The researchers “hypothesized that suicide notes could provide a unique window into the thought processes of older adults during a critical window for mental health intervention,” he added.
Although effective screening for suicidality in older adults can mitigate suicide risk, the frequency of suicide screening decreases with increasing age, the authors noted.
In addition, suicide attempts are typically more often fatal in older adults than in the general population. Understanding the motivations for suicide in this vulnerable population can inform potential interventions.
The researchers used a constructivist grounded theory framework to analyze suicide notes available from their previous study and notes obtained from the Office of the Coroner in Toronto from adults aged 65 years and older (n = 29; mean [SD], age 76.2 [8.3] years; 79% men).
The investigators began with open coding of the notes, “specifying a short name to a segment of data that summarizes and accounts for each piece of data.” They then used a series of techniques to identify terms and themes (repeated patterns of ideas reflected in the data).
Once themes had been determined, they identified “pathways between these themes and the final act of suicide.”
Common themes
Four major themes emerged in the analysis of the suicide notes.
Recurring terms included “pain,” “[poor] sleep,” or “[wakeful] nights,” as well as “sorry” (either about past actions or about the suicide), and “I just can’t” (referring to the inability to carry on).
The suicide notes “provided the older writers’ conceptual schema for suicide, elucidating the cognitive process linking their narratives to the acts of suicide.” Examples included the following:
- Suicide as a way out or solution to an insoluble problem.
- Suicide as the final act in a long road of suffering.
- Suicide as the logical culmination of life (the person “lived a good life”).
“Our study enriches the understanding of ‘why’ rather than just ‘which’ older adults die by suicide,” the authors noted.
“Care providers can help older adults at risk of suicide through a combination of treatment options. These include physician involvement to manage depression, psychosis, or pain, psychotherapy to reframe certain ways of thinking, or social activities to reduce isolation,” Dr. Cuperfain said.
“By understanding the experiences of older adults and what is underlying their suicidal thoughts, these interventions can be tailored specifically for the individual experiencing distress,” he added.
Untangling suicide drivers
Commenting on the study, Yeates Conwell, MD, professor and vice chair, department of psychiatry, University of Rochester (N.Y.) Medical Center, said that “by analyzing the suicide notes of older people who died by suicide, the paper lends a unique perspective to our understanding of why they may have taken their lives.”
University of Rochester Medical Center
Dr. Yeates Conwell
Dr. Conwell, director of the geriatric psychiatry program and codirector of the Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, University of Rochester, and author of an accompanying editorial, said that “by including the decedent’s own voice, the analysis of notes is a useful complement to other approaches used for the study of suicide in this age group”.
However, “like all other approaches, it is subject to potential biases in interpretation. The meaning in the notes must be derived with careful consideration of context, both what is said and what is not said, and the likelihood that both overt and covert messages are contained in and between their lines,” cautioned Dr. Conwell.
“Acknowledging the strength and limitations of each approach to the study of suicide death, together they can help untangle its drivers and support the search for effective, acceptable, and scalable prevention interventions. No one approach alone, however, will reveal the ‘cause’ of suicide,” Dr. Conwell wrote.
No source of study funding was provided. Dr. Cuperfain reports no relevant financial relationships. The other authors’ disclosures are listed on the original article. Dr. Conwell reports no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.