PITTSBURGH — As more hospitals attempt to establish rapid response teams, they often encounter entrenched cultures that may prevent the teams from proving their utility, several speakers said at a meeting on emergency response systems sponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
The teams go by different names: medical emergency teams (METs), rapid response teams, or critical care outreach teams. They are charged chiefly with trying to prevent cardiac arrest by intervening as early as possible. Typically, they are called when a patient is in respiratory distress, is hypotensive, has tachycardia, or has a change in consciousness (INTERNAL MEDICINE NEWS, June 1, 2006, p. 1).
However, the teams frequently are seen as a challenge to the established order, and they may be met with resistance, said Dr. Michael Buist, director of intensive care at Dandenong Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. If a nurse calls in a team, the nurse may be perceived as going over the head of the attending surgeon or resident, Dr. Buist said at the meeting. Several other speakers described incidents in which nurses were left in tears by angry physicians, even though the patient was better off for the intervention.
At Dandenong, a study showed that even when criteria existed for calling a rapid response team, nurses did not make the calls in 17% of the episodes.
Rapid response teams are set up to prevent codes, but many physicians and hospital staff enjoy the drama of a code, said Dr. Geoff Lighthall, an assistant professor of anesthesiology and critical care at Stanford (Calif.) University School of Medicine. He noted that incoming residents in particular might savor those opportunities. “There's a machismo that goes with answering codes,” he said.
At the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center, the formation of a rapid response system was met with little enthusiasm, said Dr. Sumant Ranji, a professor of medicine. The hospital began a small rapid response program in mid-2005, rolling it out slowly by talking about it at monthly ward nurses' staff meetings and through e-mails to physicians and announcements at house staff conferences.
Most of the coverage was during the day, by a team comprising a hospitalist, a second-year resident, and a clinical nurse-specialist. At night, coverage was by an on-call resident from the ICU. Usage was low initially—about 1–2 calls per week, which amounted to 2–3 calls per 1,000 patients. This can be compared with the 25 calls per 1,000 patients seen with long-established programs at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center hospitals, Dr. Ranji said.
He and his colleagues set out to determine why no one was taking advantage of the rapid response team. One finding was that there was a misperception about when the teams would arrive. During the education process, nurses and physicians were told to call the primary team first and then the rapid response team if there was no response or an inadequate response within an hour. What they heard was that the team would not come at all until an hour had elapsed and that if they called the team, the patient would definitely be taken to the ICU, he said.
Nurses were reluctant to break the chain of command, especially on surgical wards, he said. “This is not a culture that can change by one intervention,” Dr. Ranji said. He also discovered that nurses and residents weren't calling the rapid response team because they made ample use of “curbside consults”—pulling ICU nurses or fellows aside in the hallway to get an informal opinion.
There has been no change in the number of codes called or in the rate of in-hospital cardiac arrest or mortality, even though the response teams are now available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, Dr. Ranji said. As a result, the San Francisco university is questioning whether it is using the right model. The hospital is considering using an ICU clinical nurse-specialist or a nurse-practitioner as the point person for the teams in the hopes that ward nurses will be more likely to call on these colleagues for help—as opposed to having to call physicians who aren't the primary ones on the patient team, he said.
It's been smoother sailing at Allegheny General Hospital, a tertiary care facility for Drexel University, Philadelphia. In spring 2006, the hospital added MET coverage to its code team. The MET has a hospitalist, ICU nurse, bed nurse, respiratory therapist, and intravenous team. The code team has a senior resident, ICU nurse, respiratory therapist, nurse-anesthetist or anesthesiologist, and senior surgical resident.