WASHINGTON — If you're trying to develop a health information exchange to share electronic health record data with other providers in your area, Dr. Larry Garber has some advice for you.
Dr. Garber, an internist who is medical director for informatics at Fallon Clinic, in Worcester, Mass., outlined his 10 rules for developing a health information exchange (HIE) at the eHealth Initiative Conference:
10. Remember that patients are lousy historians. “It's up to our information technology infrastructures that we build to deliver the vast majority of health information to providers at the point of care,” rather than relying on patients to deliver the data, said Dr. Garber, who is also vice-chair of the Massachusetts eHealth Collaborative.
9. Don't let physicians and patients become a bottleneck to HIE. “It's hard enough to get emergency room physicians to look at something right under their noses, let alone to start thinking about a consent process,” he said. “And patients cannot be expected to use their personal health record as a way of controlling the flow of data.”
8. Create a statewide enterprise master person index (EMPI). Each state should have statewide universal consent forms that a patient can sign once and that apply throughout the system, Dr. Garber said. But to ensure that the consent form that John Smith signed applies to him whether he is in his primary care physician's office, a specialist's office, or the hospital, an EMPI is needed to make sure all the John Smiths are the same person.
The EMPI also helps with reconciling continuity of care documents. “What do I do when I get 20 medication lists and 20 allergy lists?” he said. “You can only [solve that problem] if you have an EMPI recognizing that these are all the same person.”
7. Don't promise to segregate specially protected information such as HIV status or mental health issues. “In order to make that work … the systems will have to err on the side of not sending information, and as a result we will have a true Swiss cheese of data being exchanged,” Dr. Garber said. In Massachusetts, health care organizations tried an HIE in which emergency departments filtered out potentially protected data. “It turned out that the resulting medication lists were useless and the project had to be stopped,” he said. “You're either all in or all out. It's dangerous [to withhold information], and patients don't understand the implications of not letting certain data flow.”
6. Keep the overhead low. The local HIE that Dr. Garber helped start had its software written internally in order to avoid paying licensing fees. The HIE also hosts its servers in its own data center, and the exchange members did not create a legal entity—such as a regional health information organization—in order to avoid paying attorneys' fees. As a result, the exchange's operating expenses are $7,000 annually, he said. “This may take a little more [money] in other communities, but the bottom line is that you have to lower operating fees if you want the HIE to be sustainable.”
5. Store the data based on the content, not on the source. “When the data is stored, you need to file it properly,” Dr. Garber said. “If you have outside electronic documents coming in, don't put them in an 'Outside Records' folder. They need to be integrated with the rest of the data. If I want to find the last MRI of the brain, I want to look in the imaging section and find the last MRI regardless of where it was done. File labs with labs and radiology with radiology.”
4. Make the electronic health record (EHR) “one-stop shopping.” “I only want to go look in one place for information. I don't want to have to go outside the EHR to a different portal to look for things,” he said. “I want one place with one common user interface.”
3. Re-use data. The beauty of an EHR is that you can take the data and repurpose it, according to Dr. Garber. For example, the clinic uses claims data to populate medication lists, past medical history, and past surgical history.
2. Don't require people to think. “If you want some process done consistently correctly, you have to kind of take the brain out of [it],” he said. For example, if a hospital needs to have patients sign consent forms for HIV testing, “when patients are checking in and being registered, don't ask the registration clerk to check if they have consented or need to consent. Let that process happen automatically—the consent form appears when it's appropriate, it doesn't appear when it's not appropriate.” The same should be true for ordering health maintenance and disease management tests.