Over the last year, several studies on possible neonatal effects of prenatal exposure to SSRIs have been reviewed in this column. These studies have raised concerns about potential risks, including congenital malformations—as may be the case with paroxetine (associated with a putative increased risk for cardiovascular malformations, prompting a change in the pregnancy risk category label from C to D)—and perinatal distress and pulmonary complications, as noted in two recent studies. Other studies discussed here have highlighted the high risk of depressive relapse associated with discontinuation of antidepressants during pregnancy.
These and further studies reported in recent years reflect the heightened interest in perinatal psychopharmacology and have provided a more refined scientific focus on the relative risks of prenatal SSRI exposure vs. the potential risks of untreated mood disorder during pregnancy. Physicians need to discuss these relative risks with patients, making the best clinical decision possible based on the individual clinical situation.
Until recently, few studies have tried to parse out the neonatal effects of untreated depression and prenatal SSRI exposure. Most of the available data have been in women treated with an SSRI for underlying depression, and have not included a comparison group of unmedicated women with depression.
But a study published in August by researchers at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, using population-based health data and linking records of neonatal birth outcomes with hospital records of psychiatric diagnoses at maternal discharge and prenatal SSRI prescriptions, provides an opportunity to tease apart these two potentially important predictors of neonatal outcomes (Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006;63:898–906).
The study compared outcomes of babies born to women diagnosed with depression and treated with an SSRI to outcomes of babies born to women diagnosed with depression who were not treated with medication, and to a control group of babies whose mothers were neither depressed nor on antidepressant medication, between 1998 and 2001.
Among babies exposed to SSRIs, birth weights were lower, hospital stays were longer, and gestational ages were shorter, compared with babies in the control group. A similar pattern was seen when the SSRI-exposed babies were compared with those of depressed mothers who were not treated, except for birth weight for gestational age. In addition, significantly more of the infants of medicated women had respiratory distress and jaundice, compared with babies in the other two groups. Feeding problems were significantly more common among SSRI-exposed infants than among infants of unmedicated women with depression. The rate of convulsions was not significantly different between the groups.
Using propensity scores to match severity of depression in untreated and treated women, the researchers sought to match women by degree of depression in the year before and during pregnancy, essentially controlling for illness severity while looking at neonatal outcomes. When they compared birth outcomes in these two groups, the associations between prenatal SSRI exposure and feeding problems and jaundice were no longer present. What remained significant was a greater rate of respiratory distress in infants of SSRI-treated mothers and the incidence of birth weight below the 10th percentile. The findings suggest that the effect on respiratory distress may be due to SSRI exposure, not maternal depression.
The authors appropriately acknowledge the limitations of using claims data and discharge diagnoses as proxies for real diagnostic assessments. They also note that alcohol or illicit drug use, smoking, or socioeconomic conditions beyond income—all of which can affect neonatal well-being—could not be ascertained. Not factored into the study is another critical issue, the risk of postpartum depression, which is strongly associated with depression during pregnancy. In many respects, postpartum depression may have more enduring long-term outcome than other types of fetal exposures. Also unknown is the nature of respiratory distress, and whether it persisted. In one recent study, for example, symptoms of a “neonatal abstinence syndrome” were transient and did not require clinical intervention (Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2006;16:173–6).
The conclusion from the Canadian study, considering its limitations, is that there may be an independent effect of maternal depression on neonatal outcome and an independent effect of medication exposure, and these effects may be additive. Confirming this finding may be possible only with a prospective study that more accurately assesses maternal diagnosis and severity over time, and where medication exposure is confirmed prospectively.
In considering the increasing amount of data on both sides of this relative risk equation, it is critical for clinicians to discuss with patients the range of issues, from the potential neonatal effects of these medicines, to the high risk for relapse when antidepressants are discontinued, to the impact of untreated illness on the baby and mother.