A research team based at the Cleveland Clinic has released a new risk assessment tool designed to allow fair comparison of hospital outcomes across institutions. The tool provides a reliable way for hospitals to predict length of stay and mortality for surgical patients using only administrative data, the researchers said.
Dr. Daniel Sessler
The tool, called the Risk Stratification Index, is in the public domain. It was detailed in the journal Anesthesiology in November (Anesthesiology 2010;113:1026-37), and the Cleveland Clinic currently uses it to stratify risk in its internal outcomes analyses, according to Dr. Daniel Sessler, lead author of the article and chair of the department of outcomes research there.
"Hospitals are already being compared," Dr. Sessler said in an interview. "But comparisons only make sense after adjusting for baseline and the risk associated with different operations. Our Risk Stratification Index allows for an accurate and fair comparison among hospitals using only publicly available data."
Dr. Sessler said it was necessary to develop a new risk assessment tool because institutions use various systems to evaluate outcomes, and many of these systems are proprietary and nontransparent.
"Available systems are either inaccurate or require special clinical data that are not generally or publicly available," he said, adding that the Risk Stratification Index (RSI) is more accurate than other generally available nonproprietary systems, and uses only publicly available billing information.
To develop the index, Dr. Sessler and his colleagues used more than 35 million patient stay records from 2001-2006 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review files, randomly dividing them into development and validation sets. RSIs for length of stay and mortality end points were derived from aggregate risk associated with individual diagnostic and procedure codes.
Next, the researchers tested performance of the RSIs prospectively on the validation database, as well as on a single institution registry of 103,324 adult surgical patients, and compared the results with an index designed to predict 1-year mortality.
The researchers found that the risk stratification model accurately predicted 30-day and 1-year postdischarge mortality, while separate risk stratification models predicted length of stay and in-hospital mortality. The risk predictions are accurate for as few as 2,000 patients, meaning the system can be used effectively by small hospitals.
"RSI is a broadly applicable and robust system for assessing hospital length of stay and mortality for groups of surgical patients based solely on administrative data," Dr. Sessler and his colleagues concluded in their paper.
The research team wanted to make the RSI available to any hospital that wants to use it, so it put it in the public domain, Dr. Sessler explained. He anticipates that it will be adopted rapidly because it’s objective, transparent, requires only billing codes, and is free to use. Details of how to use the system and sample files are available online.
The tool shows good promise but also has some drawbacks, noted Dr. Charles Mabry, of the University of Arkansas in Pine Bluff, in an interview. "Like many risk adjustment methods, this relies upon the administrative data set, which is submitted with hospital bills to insurers. As such, many clinical factors, such as weight, blood pressure, drugs used, socioeconomic status, etc., aren’t reported, and thus [are] unavailable to help with risk stratification."
For large numbers of patients, the administrative data set can help reveal major differences in such factors as treatment and medications, Dr. Mabry said. However, for smaller numbers of patients – for example, the number in a group that had one particular surgical procedure – it becomes weaker, he said. Other large organizations, along with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, already are using the administrative data set for their own risk adjustment algorithms, Dr. Mabry noted.
The American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) does measure the clinical factors omitted from the administrative data set, along with some complications that might also be missed, said Dr. Mabry. "Thus, compared with the Sessler index, it can more reliably detect differences in outcomes for smaller numbers of patients, such as comparing the outcomes of gallbladder surgery between various hospitals," he said.
However, the Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI) primarily measures process as opposed to outcomes, Dr. Mabry said. "I think PQRI is a waste of time and effort," he said. "Many feel that outcomes measurement is really what we need to be aiming for, rather than process compliance."
Dr. Chad Rubin, a surgeon in Columbia, S.C., agreed that the Risk Stratification Index is limited through its use of the administrative data set. "While it appears a useful tool, I am always reticent to give credence to something so important as hospital (and maybe doctor) outcomes when the original data may be flawed," he said in an interview.