1. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans 2012: Key indicators of well-being. Washington, DC: U.S. Gov. Printing Office; 2012.
2. Almeida OP, Pfaff JJ. Sleep complaints among older general practice patients: association with depression. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55:864–866.
3. Wolkove N, Elkholy O, Baltzan M, et al. Sleep and aging: 1. Sleep disorders commonly found in older people. CMAJ 2007;176:1299–304.
4. Pace-Schott EF, Spencer RM. Age-related changes in the cognitive function of sleep. Prog Brain Res 2011;191:75–89.
5. Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, et al. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep 2004;27:1255–73.
6. Jacobs D, Ancoli-Israel S, Parker L, et al. Twenty-four-hour sleep-wake patterns in a nursing home population. Psychol Aging 1989;4:352–6.
7. Neikrug AB, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep disturbances in nursing homes. J Nutr Health Aging 2010;14:207–11.
8. Lakdawalla D, Goldman DP, Bhattacharya J, et al. Forecasting the nursing home population. Medical Care 2003;41:8-20.
9. Alessi CA, Yoon EJ, Schnelle JF, et al. A randomized trial of a combined physical activity and environmental intervention in nursing home residents: do sleep and agitation improve? J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:784–91.
10. Cohen-Mansfield J, Marx MS. The relationship between sleep disturbances and agitation in a nursing home. J Aging Health 1990;2:153–65.
11. Rolland Y, Andrieu S, Crochard A, et al. Psychotropic drug consumption at admission and discharge of nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012;13:407 e407–412.
12. Salzman C. Antipsychotics in nursing homes. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013;33:1–2.
13. Fleetham J, Ayas N, Bradley D, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society guidelines: diagnosis and treatment of sleep disordered breathing in adults. Can Respir J 2006;13:387–92.
14. International classification of sleep disorders: Chicago: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.
15. Gay PC. Complex sleep apnea: it really is a disease. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:403–5.
16. Ancoli-Israel S. Epidemiology of sleep disorders. In: Roth T, Roehrs TA, editors. Clinics in geriatric medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989:347–62.
17. Gehrman PR, Martin JL, Shochat T, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and agitation in institutionalized adults with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;11:426–33.
18. Resnick HE, Phillips B. Documentation of sleep apnea in nursing homes: United States 2004. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008;9:260–4.
19. Park JG, Ramar K, Olson EJ. Updates on definition, consequences, and management of obstructive sleep apnea. Mayo Clin Proc 2011;86:549–54.
20. Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2034–41.
21. McMillan A, Bratton DJ, Faria R, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure in older people with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (PREDICT): a 12-month, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Resp med 2014;2:804–12.
22. Allen RP, Walters AS, Montplaisir J, et al. Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1286–92.
23. Allen RP, La Buda MC, Becker P, et al. Family history study of the restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002;3 Suppl:S3–7.
24. Allen RP. Restless legs syndrome/Willis Ekbom disease: evaluation and treatment. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014;26:248–62.
25. Hening WA, Allen RP, Earley CJ, et al. An update on the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep 2004;27:560–83.
26. Gamaldo C, Benbrook AR, Allen RP, et al. Evaluating daytime alertness in individuals with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) compared to sleep restricted controls. Sleep Med 2009;10:134–8.
27. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Defining the phenotype of the restless legs syndrome (RLS) using age-of-symptom-onset. Sleep Med 2000;1:11–9.
28. Salas RE, Kwan AB. The real burden of restless legs syndrome: clinical and economic outcomes. Am J Manag Care 2012;18(9 Suppl):S207–212.
29. Silber MH, Ehrenberg BL, Allen RP, et al. An algorithm for the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:916–22.
30. Hattan E, Chalk C, Postuma RB. Is there a higher risk of restless legs syndrome in peripheral neuropathy? Neurology 2009;72:955–60.
31. Winkelman JW, Chertow GM, Lazarus JM. Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28:372–8.
32. Hornyak M, Trenkwalder C. Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the elderly. J Psychosom Res 2004;56:543–8.
33. Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Klauber MR, et al. Periodic limb movements in sleep in community-dwelling elderly. Sleep 1991;14:496–500.
34. Ahmed QA. Effects of common medications used for sleep disorders. Crit Care Clin 2008;24:493–515, vi.
35. Rye DB, Trotti LM. Restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements of sleep. Neurol clin 2012;30:1137–66.
36. Gamaldo CE, Chung Y, Kang YM, et al. Tick-tock-tick-tock: the impact of circadian rhythm disorders on cardiovascular health and wellness. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014;8:921–9.
37. Myers BL, Badia P. Changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality with aging: mechanisms and interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1995;19:553–71.
38. National Institute on Aging. Alzheimer’s caregiving tips: sundowning. June 2013.
39. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: AASD; 2014.
40. Barion A, Zee PC. A clinical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med 2007;8:566–77.
41. Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, et al. Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep 2007;30:1445–59.
42. Shochat T, Martin J, Marler M, et al. Illumination levels in nursing home patients: effects on sleep and activity rhythms. J Sleep Res 2000;9:373–9.
43. Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Jones DW, et al. Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. Sleep 1997;20:18–23.
44. Satlin A, Volicer L, Ross V, et al. Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1028–32.
45. Koyama E, Matsubara H, Nakano T. Bright light treatment for sleep-wake disturbances in aged individuals with dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;53:227–9.
46. Burns A, Allen H, Tomenson B, et al. Bright light therapy for agitation in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Int Psychogeriatr 2009;21:711–21.
47. Riemersma-van der Lek RF, Swaab DF, Twisk J, et al. Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:2642–55.
48. Martin JL, Marler MR, Harker JO, et al. A multicomponent nonpharmacological intervention improves activity rhythms among nursing home residents with disrupted sleep/wake patterns. J Gerontol Series A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62:67–72.
49. Lewy AJ, Ahmed S, Jackson JM, et al. Melatonin shifts human circadian rhythms according to a phase-response curve. Chronobiol Int 1992;9:380–92.
50. Williamson BL, Tomlinson AJ, Mishra PK, et al. Structural characterization of contaminants found in commercial preparations of melatonin: similarities to case-related compounds from L-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Chem Res Toxicol 1998;11:234-40.
51. Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T, et al. Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. N Engl J Med 2005;353:476-86.
52. Howard R, Roth T, Drake CL. The effects of armodafinil on objective sleepiness and performance in a shift work disorder sample unselected for objective sleepiness. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2014;34:369–73.
53. Beydoun MA, Gamaldo AA, Beydoun HA, et al. Caffeine and alcohol intakes and overall nutrient adequacy are associated with longitudinal cognitive performance among U.S. adults. J Nutr 2014;144:890–901.
54. Pentel P. Toxicity of over-the-counter stimulants. JAMA 1984;252:1898–903.
55. Neikrug AB, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep disorders in the older adult - a mini-review. Gerontology 2010;56:181–9.
56. Chesson A Jr, Hartse K, Anderson WM, et al. Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 2000;23:237–41.
57. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001;2:297–307.
58. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989;28:193–213.
59. Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:191–204.
60. National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults, June 13-15, 2005. Sleep 2005;28:1049–57.
61. Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, et al. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:487–504.
62. Bain KT. Management of chronic insomnia in elderly persons. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006;4:168–92.
63. FDA approves new type of sleep drug, Belsomra. 13 Aug 2014. Available at fda.gov.
64. Dubey AK, Handu SS, Mediratta PK. Suvorexant: The first orexin receptor antagonist to treat insomnia. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2015;6:118–21.
65. Patel KV, Aspesi AV, Evoy KE. Suvorexant: a dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of sleep onset and sleep maintenance insomnia. Ann Pharmacother 2015;49:477–83.
66. Michelson D, Snyder E, Paradis E, et al. Safety and efficacy of suvorexant during 1-year treatment of insomnia with subsequent abrupt treatment discontinuation: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:461–71.
67. Bootzin RR, Epstein D, Wood JM. Stimulus control instructions. Case studies in insomnia. New York: Springer; 1991:19–28.
68. Gulyani S, Salas RE, Gamaldo CE. Sleep medicine pharmacotherapeutics overview: today, tomorrow, and the future (part 2: hypersomnia, parasomnia, and movement disorders). Chest 2013;143:242–51.
69. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Saper CB, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain 2007;130(Pt 11):2770–88.
70. Middelkoop HA, Kerkhof GA, Smilde-van den Doel DA, et al. Sleep and ageing: the effect of institutionalization on subjective and objective characteristics of sleep. Age Ageing 1994;23:411–7.
71. Tinuper P, Provini F, Bisulli F, et al. Movement disorders in sleep: guidelines for differentiating epileptic from non-epileptic motor phenomena arising from sleep. Sleep Med Rev 2007;11:255–67.
72. Aurora RN, Zak RS, Maganti RK, et al. Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). J Clin Sleep Med 2010;6:85–95.
73. Bloom HG, Ahmed I, Alessi CA, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the assessment and management of sleep disorders in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:761–89.
74. Anderson KN, Shneerson JM. Drug treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder: the use of drug therapies other than clonazepam. J Clin Sleep Med 2009;5:235–9.
75. Doshi A, Gamaldo C, Kalloo A, et al. Implementing a clinical iPad application to detect sleep disorders is feasible across multiple non-sleep outpatient clinics (P7. 321). Neurology 2015;84(14 Suppl):P7.321.