So lets revisit this topic. We hate melasma. It is recalcitrant, resistant, and often recurs. But how many of us dermatologists look at melasma with a dermatoscope? A minority? And probably even fewer of us biopsy melasma. Are we missing the many, many cases of vascular or erythematotelangiectatic melasma and just treating melasma as a pigment problem instead of treating it as a vascular problem?
We know that melasma develops because of increased melanin production, not an increased number of melanocytes, but the underlying cause of increased melanogenesis is not fully understood. Several recent studies suggest that the increased vascularity in melasma skin is the underlying etiology. Understanding the way endogeneous and exogeneous stimuli such as sex hormones, oral contraceptives, ultraviolet irradiation, and visible light stimulate inflammation in the dermis, leading to the release of various mediators that stimulate angiogenesis and the activation of melanocytes, will help us improve the treatment of this relentless disease.
Dr. Lily Talakoub
Similarly, elevated estrogen and progesterone in pregnancy or with oral contraceptive use is known to stimulate melasma. Melanocytes express estrogen receptors and estradiol increases the level of TRP-2, which stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin. Recent literature has shown that the number of blood vessels, vessel size, and vessel density also are greater in lesional melasma skin than in perilesional skin. In addition, immunohistochemical staining has shown an increased level of factor VIIIa-related antigen in blood vessels in melasma skin, compared with perilesional normal skin.
Courtesy Lily Talakoub, MD
This image shows the vascular component in melasma.
Unfortunately, the treatment of vascular melasma is very difficult. Lasers such as the pulsed dye laser that help skin vascularity can trigger worsening melanogenesis through dermal inflammation. The melanin cap overlying the melanocyte nucleus also can mask the underlying vascularity and make laser treatments more difficult. The isolated treatment of epidermal pigment also may be ineffective and transient.
By targeting the vessels in addition to the pigment, we will get improved clinical results and fewer relapses. We suggest that melasma be treated conservatively, not aggressively. It should be treated as an inflammatory process. Patients with melasma also have a slightly abnormal skin barrier, so we should be hesitant in using deep lasers, radio frequency, and aggressive chemical peels. Topical preparations – particularly triple-combination bleaching agents, retinoids, and nonhydroquinone skin lighteners – should be used sparingly and always in combination with treatments targeting skin vascularity.
References
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Dr. Talakoub and Dr. Wesley and are co-contributors to this column. Dr. Talakoub is in private practice in McLean, Va. Dr. Wesley practices dermatology in Beverly Hills, Calif. This month’s column is by Dr. Talakoub. Write to them at dermnews@frontlinemedcom.com.