Magnesium
Inadequate magnesium is associated with decreased parathyroid hormone. Epidemiologic studies suggest a positive association between increased magnesium intake and BMD. But data from the Women's Health Initiative found high magnesium intake was not protective of BMD.
The bottom line is to eat foods that contain magnesium, including whole grains, vegetables, and nuts. There are no data to support the use of magnesium supplements, Dr. Binkley said.
Caffeine
It's been assumed that caffeine is harmful to bone because it leads to increased urinary calcium loss. But several studies have shown decreased calcium absorption is actually what occurs. “The gist is that for each cup of coffee that we drink, there is a calcium loss of about 5 mg.” That means “we need to put about 2 tablespoons of milk in our coffee,” Dr. Binkley said.
Protein
One study of elderly patients found patients getting protein supplements were less likely to have fractures. In fact, those with higher protein intake and adequate calcium had the best outcomes, suggesting there may be a synergistic effect between protein and calcium.