1. Infertility FAQs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility. Updated April 19 2012. Accessed January 20, 2013.
2. Pfeifer S, Fritz M, Goldberg J, et al. the Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Smoking and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(6):1400-1406.
3. Hull MG, North K, Taylor H, Farrow A, Ford WC. Delayed conception and active and passive smoking: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood Study Team. Fertil Steril. 2000;74(4):725-733.
4. Cooper GS, Baird DD, Hulka BS, Weinberg CR, Savitz DA, Hughes CL, Jr. Follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations in relation to active and passive smoking. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85(3):407-411.
5. Storgaard L, Bonde JP, Ernst E, et al. Does smoking during pregnancy affect sons’ sperm counts? Epidemiology. 2003;14(3):278-286.
6. Yang Q, Sherman SL, Hassold TJ, et al. Risk factors for trisomy 21: maternal cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use in a population-based case-control study. Genet Med. 1999;1(3):80-88.
7. Zenzes MT, Wang P, Casper RF. Cigarette smoking may affect meiotic maturation of human oocytes. Hum Reprod. 1995;10(12):3213-3217.
8. Klonoff-Cohen H, Natarajan L, Marrs R, Yee B. Effects of female and male smoking on success rates of IVF and gamete intra-Fallopian transfer. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(7):1382-1390.
9. Hughes EG, Lamont DA, Beecroft ML, Wilson DM, Brennan BG, Rice SC. Randomized trial of a “stage of change” oriented smoking cessation intervention in infertile and pregnant women. Fertil Steril. 2000;74(3):498-503.
10. Rimm AA, Katayama AC, Diaz M, Katayama KP. A meta-analysis of controlled studies comparing major malformation rates in IVF and ICSI infants with naturally conceived children. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2004;21(12):437-443.
11. Hansen M, Kurinczuk JJ, Bower C, Webb S. The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(10):725-730.
12. Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ. Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects—a systematic review. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(2):328-338.
13. Schieve LA, Rasmussen SA, Reefhuis J. Risk of birth defects among children conceived with assisted reproductive technology: providing an epidemiologic context to the data. Fertil Steril. 2005;84(5):1320-1324.
14. Lie RT, Lyngstadaas A, Ørstavik KH, Bakketeig LS, Jacobsen G, Tanbo T. Birth defects in children conceived by ICSI compared with children conceived by other IVF-methods; a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34(3):696-701.
15. Zhu JL, Basso O, Obel C, Bille C, Olsen J. Infertility infertility treatment, and congenital malformations: Danish national birth cohort. BMJ. 2006;333(7570):679.-
16. Reefhuis J, Honein MA, Schieve LA, Correa A, Hobbs CA, Rasmussen SA. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Assisted reproductive technology and major structural birth defects in the United States. Hum Reprod. 2009;24(2):360-366.
17. El-Chaar D, Yang Q, Gao J, et al. Risk of birth defects increased in pregnancies conceived by assisted human reproduction. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(5):1557-1561.
18. Källén B, Finnström O, Nygren KG, Olausson PO. In vitro fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: infant outcome after different IVF fertilization methods. Fertil Steril. 2005;84(3):611-617.
19. Bonduelle M, Wennerholm U, Loft A, et al. A multi-centre cohort study of the physical health of 5-year-old children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization and natural conception. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(2):413-419.
20. Kurinczuk JJ. Safety issues in assisted reproduction technology: from theory to reality — just what are the data telling us about ICSI offspring health and future fertility and should we be concerned? Hum Reprod. 2003;18(5):925-931.
21. Pinborg A, Loft A, Aaris Henningsen AK, Rasmussen S, Andersen AN. Infant outcome of 957 singletons born after frozen embryo replacement: the Danish National Cohort Study 1995-2006. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(4):1320-1327.
22. Halliday JL, Ukoumunne OC, Baker HW, et al. Increased risk of blastogenesis birth defects, arising in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, after assisted reproductive technologies. Hum Reprod. 2010;25(1):59-65.
23. Wennerholm U, Söderström-Anttila V, Bergh C, et al. Children born after cryopreservation of embryos or oocytes: a systematic review of outcome data. Hum Reprod. 2009;24(9):2158-2172.
24. Strömberg B, Dahlquist G, Ericson A, Finnström O, Köster M, Stjernqvist K. Neurological sequelae in children born after in-vitro fertilisation: a population based study. Lancet. 2002;359(9305):461-465.
25. Davies MJ, Moore VM, Willson KJ, et al. Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(19):1803-1813.
