SANTA ANA PUEBLO, N.M. — Pediatric delirium is rarely discussed in the medical literature and hardly ever diagnosed in practice, but Dr. Susan Beckwitt Turkel contends that children may be as vulnerable as elderly patients.
“When we say children don't get delirium, it is because it is very rarely diagnosed by pediatricians, and most consultation-liaison psychiatrists don't bump into it,” Dr. Turkel said at the annual meeting of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine.
Pediatric delirium “is probably very common, and when it does occur, it is typically mistreated,” she said.
Dr. Turkel speculated that age-related changes in the cholinergic systems may put children and the elderly at risk for delirium. “It may have something to do with the development of the cholinergic system in the brain and then the decline of cholinergic system in the brain,” she said.
Children present with many of the characteristic symptoms in the DSM-IV, but, because pediatricians think in a developmental context, they describe “behavioral regression,” said Dr. Turkel, chief of neuropsychiatry and child adolescent psychiatry at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles.
She suggested many children become delirious while running high fevers from common conditions such as ear infections that are treated at home.
At Childrens Hospital, a tertiary care referral center, she and a colleague reviewed 84 cases involving very sick children who were the subject of psychiatric-liaison consultations from 1991 through 1995 (J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2003;15:431–5).
Delirium was identified in 45 males and 39 females, ranging in age from 6 months to 18 years. Their length of stay ranged from 1 to 255 days, with an average of 41 days. Infection was the most common cause of delirium, but mortality was higher in children with organ failure, autoimmune diseases, or a recent transplant. Overall, the mortality rate was 20%.
All of the children had impaired attention and fluctuating symptoms. Nearly all had impaired alertness, confusion, sleep disturbance, and impaired responsiveness. Exacerbation at night and disorientation also were common.
Apathy and agitation were documented in more than two-thirds of the children. Only about half had memory impairment. Fewer than half hallucinated, and none had perceptual disturbance, delusion, paranoia, or hypervigilance. “These are not things you see in children,” Dr. Turkel said. When children do hallucinate, she added, the experience is more likely to be auditory than visual.
Dr. Turkel has since compared the children with 968 adults, aged 30–100 years, in 10 published delirium studies. “Overall, you see the same symptoms in toddlers, children, adolescents, and adults, but maybe at different rates,” she said, noting the articles on adults were not consistent with each other in reporting data.
Many adult diagnostic techniques cannot be used with very young children, so she suggested asking pediatric hospital patients where they are. “If they tell you they are at home or at school, you can tell they are disoriented,” she said. Sometimes a child will talk to someone who is not there, she said. Mood changes, irritability, and sleep changes also are clues.
Dr. Turkel described her approach to delirium treatment as multifactorial. Physicians treat the underlying condition, she said, but also look for sedating and anticholinergic medications that may be playing a role.
She said she works closely with the child's family, advising parents that their job is to tell children where they are each time they wake up irritable and confused. Positioning the children near a window can help them distinguish day from night, she added.
If these interventions do not work, she gives the child a small dose of an atypical antipsychotic. Benzodiazepines and anticholinergic agents should be avoided, she said, as they can make delirium worse and even precipitate deliriumn