SNOWMASS, COLO. – The drug pipeline is suddenly chock-full of biologic agents, good news for rheumatologists, who have been waiting more than 3 decades since the last approval of a new therapy for SLE. Some of these agents have completed promising phase II clinical trials and are well along in phase III.
“For many years, I would give talks on the latest developments in mouse models and speculate about what might happen in patients. Today, I can talk about real clinical data on a new generation of biologic therapies for lupus,” Dr. David Wofsy marvelled at a symposium sponsored by the American College of Rheumatology.
He offered up what he emphasized were personal and highly opinionated “shoot from the hip” predictions as to the first-generation biologic induction therapies for lupus most likely to emerge from the pack: the anti-CD20 agent ocrelizumab, abatacept (Orencia), and–as a long shot–an anti-tumor necrosis factor agent such as etanercept.
“I think the best chance for a new major step forward in induction therapy lies in these three agents,” said Dr. Wofsy, the George A. Zimmermann Distinguished Professor of Rheumatology and director of the clinical trials center at the University of California, San Francisco.
As for his predictions regarding likely first-generation biologic maintenance therapies, he named the anti-B-lymphocyte stimulator (anti-BlyS) agent belimumab (LymphoStat-B), atacicept, and abetimus sodium (Riquent), formerly known as LJP 394, as the top candidates.
B cells make a compelling target for therapeutic research because of the multiple mechanisms by which they are believed to contribute to SLE: presentation of antigen, regulation of T-cell activation, differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells, and stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
Furthest along in development are the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. And of these, the one surrounded by the most buzz is rituximab (Rituxan), already approved for rheumatoid arthritis. An audience show of hands indicated most have used rituximab in lupus patients–and most believed it worked.
“It's a very widespread belief in our community that rituximab is effective in lupus. I have to warn you to be careful about that. We got the big surprise from the CellCept trial. The literature on anti-CD20 is pretty lean at this point,” said Dr. Wofsy, who is also a former ACR president. “My hope mirrors yours, but I'm very cautious in this area because we continue to get disappointing surprises.”
Indeed, while 34 of 35 rituximab-treated lupus patients reported in the literature responded with peripheral B-cell depletion, 4 of them experienced sustained depletion for longer than 12 months. That raises safety concerns. And human antichimeric antibody production has been a problem.
Rituximab's role in treating SLE should be clarified within the year, upon completion of two ongoing phase III trials: Explorer in patients with active nonrenal lupus, and Lunar in lupus nephritis patients.
Ocrelizumab is a second-generation anti-CD20 agent in ongoing clinical trials. As a humanized monoclonal antibody, it is likely to have fewer safety issues.
Another focus of research into lupus therapy is abatacept: This agent prevents costimulation of T cells, and it appears to have synergistic efficacy when combined with a brief course of cyclophosphamide. “In the mouse models of lupus, nothing compares to this,” said Dr. Wofsy, who did the original animal studies.
Current or upcoming clinical trials include Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.-sponsored studies of abatacept in SLE patients without nephritis and abatacept plus mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis, as well as an NIH-sponsored study of abatacept plus short-course cyclophosphamide vs. cyclophosphamide alone for lupus nephritis to be conducted by Dr. Wofsy and coworkers.
“It will take a while longer to know about abatacept, but I think the strong preclinical data and its effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis gives us some hope,” he said.
Preliminary data on research with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy suggest TNF's inflammatory effect in the kidney might be an important mediator in lupus renal flares. A trial of infliximab as short-duration induction therapy is underway in Europe. Dr. Wofsy and colleagues are about to start a clinical trial with etanercept.
“Until those trials are in, I would discourage anybody from doing it, but there are some anecdotes that have at least opened our eyes to the possibility,” the rheumatologist continued.
Riquent was developed solely as a relatively safe therapy for the purpose of maintaining remission. This novel agent binds specifically to B cells that make anti-DNA antibodies, tolerizing them and causing selective B-cell anergy and death. The appeal of Riquent lies in its power to reduce autoantibodies without global immune suppression.
A 230-patient phase II trial proved negative. However, La Jolla Pharmaceutical Co. saw positive signals in the data and has completed enrollment in a phase III trial involving more than 700 lupus nephritis patients with high-affinity anti-DNA antibodies who were in remission at baseline. The primary end point is time to renal flare.