DISCUSSION
Testicular torsion may occur if the testicle twists or rotates on the spermatic cord. The twisting causes arterial ischemia and venous outflow obstruction, cutting off the testicle’s blood supply.1,2 Torsion may be extravaginal or intravaginal, depending on the extent of involvement of the surrounding structures.2
Extravaginal torsion is most commonly seen in neonates and occurs because the entire testicle may freely rotate prior to fixation to the scrotal wall via the tunica vaginalis.2Intravaginal torsion is more common in adolescents and often occurs as a result of a condition known as bell clapper deformity. This congenital abnormality enables the testicle to rotate within the tunica vaginalis and rest transversely in the scrotum instead of in a more vertical orientation.2,3 Torsion occurs if the testicle rotates 90° to 180°, with complete torsion occurring at 360° (torsion may extend to as much as 720°).2 Torsion may also occur as a result of trauma.1
Peak incidence of testicular torsion occurs at ages 13 to 14, but it can occur at any age; torsion affects approximately 1 in 4,000 males younger than 25.2-5 Ninety-five percent of all torsions are intravaginal.2 Torsion is the most common pathology for males who undergo surgical exploration for scrotal pain.3
The main goal in the diagnosis and treatment of torsion is testicular salvage. Torsion is considered a urologic emergency, making early diagnosis and treatment critical to prevent testicular loss. In fact, a review of the relevant literature reveals that the rate of testicular salvage is much higher if the diagnosis is made within 6 to 12 hours.1,2,5 Potential sequelae from delayed treatment include testicular infarction, loss of testicle, infertility problems, infections, cosmetic deformity, and increased risk for testicular malignancy.2
Because many men hesitate to seek medical attention for symptoms of testicular pain and swelling, the primary care clinician should openly discuss testicular disorders, especially with preadolescent males, during testicular examinations.6
Diagnosis
A testicular examination should be performed on any male presenting with a chief complaint of lower abdominal pain, back/flank pain, or any pain that radiates to the groin. The cremasteric reflex should be assessed because it can help differentiate among the causes of testicular pain.7 It is performed by gently stroking the upper inner thigh and observing for contraction of the ipsilateral testicle. One study found that, in cases of torsion, the absence of a cremasteric reflex had a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 88%.7 See the Table for the differential diagnosis for acute testicular pain.
While it is often possible to make the diagnosis of testicular torsion clinically, ultrasound with color Doppler is the diagnostic test of choice in cases for which the cause of acute scrotal pain is unclear.8 Ultrasound provides anatomic detail of the scrotum and its contents, and perfusion is assessed by adding the color Doppler images.8 It is important to note that, while the absence of blood flow is considered diagnostic for testicular torsion, the presence of flow does not necessarily exclude it.4
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