WASHINGTON Analysis of other countries' health care systems has pointed out what might workand what won't workin efforts to reform the U.S. health care system.
At the annual meeting of the American College of Physicians, ACP senior vice president of governmental affairs and public policy Robert Doherty outlined seven key lessons the college learned from health care systems around the globe:
▸ Lesson No. 1. Global budgets and price controls can restrain costs, but they can also lead to negative consequences. Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom all use global budgets, Mr. Doherty said. In the United Kingdom, for example, annual per capita health expenditures totaled $2,546 in 2004 versus $6,012 in the United States that year.
Nevertheless, global budgets do not provide incentives for improved efficiency unless the annual expense budget is reasonable and the target region is small enough to motivate individual providers to avoid the overuse of services, he said.
▸ Lesson No. 2. Primary care is the foundation of high-performing systems. Societal investment in medical education, as found in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, can help achieve a well-trained workforce that has the right proportion of primary care physicians and specialists and is large enough to ensure access, he said.
Many countries finance medical school education with public funds, so students pay little (as in the Netherlands) or no (as in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and Japan) tuition and typically are responsible only for books and fees, the ACP reported earlier this year in a position paper, "High-Performance Health Care System with Universal Access."
In contrast, the average U.S. tuition in 2005 was $20,370 for public medical schools and $38,190 at private medical schools, according to the paper. As a result, 85% of graduating medical students begin their careers with substantial debts. In 2005, the average debt was $105,000 for graduates of public institutions and $135,000 for those who attended private institutions.
"Rising educational debt influences physician career choices and is one of the factors that discourage medical students from choosing a career in primary care," the ACP position paper noted.
▸ Lesson No. 3. High-performing systems encourage patients to be prudent purchasers and to engage in healthy behavior, Mr. Doherty said. "Patients need to have some stake in the system themselves," he said. For example, in Belgium, France, Japan, New Zealand, and Switzerland, patients share costs with copayment schedules based on income, and that can help restrain costs while ensuring that poorer individuals have access, he said.
In addition, incentives to encourage personal responsibilitysuch as those found in Australia, Belgium, Japan, and other countriescan be effective in influencing healthy behaviors, improving health outcomes, and creating responsible utilization, without punishing people who fail to adopt recommended behaviors or lifestyles, he said.
▸ Lesson No. 4. The best payment systems recognize the value of care coordinated by primary care doctors, Mr. Doherty said. Effective payment systems provide adequate payment for primary care services, create incentives for quality improvement and reporting (as in Belgium and the United Kingdom), recognize geographic or local payment differences (as in Canada, Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom), and provide incentives for care coordination (as in Denmark and the Netherlands), he said.
▸ Lesson No. 5. High-performing systems measure their own performance. Countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, along with the U.S. Veterans Health Administration, have implemented performance measures linked to quality, he said.
▸ Lesson No. 6. High-performing systems invest in health information technology, and have uniform billing and lower administrative costs, Mr. Doherty said. The adoption of uniform billing and electronic processing of claimsas has been done in Germany, Canada, and Taiwan, among othersimproves efficiency and reduces administrative expenses, he said.
Meanwhile, an interoperable health information infrastructure can enable physicians to obtain instantaneous information at the point of medical decision making and can enhance electronic communications among treating health professionals, he said. Denmark, Taiwan, and the Netherlands have interoperable health information infrastructures that incorporate decision-support tools, according to the ACP's position paper. "Systems like these will enable physicians to obtain instantaneous information at the point of medical decision making and will enhance electronic communications among physicians, hospitals, pharmacies, diagnostic testing laboratories, and patients."
▸ Lesson No. 7. High-performing systems invest in research and comparative effectiveness.
Many other countries that have national health insurance programs, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, perform evidence-based evaluations of new drugs and technology, the position paper noted.