Clinical Communication

A Talking Map for Family Meetings in the Intensive Care Unit

Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2017 January;24(1)

References

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Clinicians should check for understanding while family members are identifying the values of their loved ones. Providing the family with a summary of what you have heard will help ensure a more accurate understanding of these crucial issues. A summary statement might be, “It sounds like you are saying your dad really valued his independence. He enjoyed being able to take care of his loved ones and himself. Is that right?”

6. Plan Next Steps

The family meeting serves to attend to family emotion and allow space to elicit patients’ values. Following a family meeting surrogate decision makers may be able to begin to consider the next steps in their loved one’s care. If bad news was delivered they may need space to adjust to a different future than they expected. Using an empathic statement of support “We will continue to make sure we communicate with you as we work together to plan next steps” will reassure a family that they have time and space to plan for the future.

Families vary regarding how much physician input they desire in planning next steps [21]. You can explicitly ask how the team can best help the family with decisions: “Some families like to hear the options for next steps from the team and make a decision, other families like to hear a recommendation from the team. What would be the most helpful for you?” Throughout the course of an illness a surrogate’s preference for decision making may change and clinicians should be responsive to those changing needs.

If the surrogate wants a clinician’s recommendation, 3 points are worth stressing. First, the recommendation should be personalized to this patient and his values. The goal is to reveal how the understanding of the patient’s values led to the treatment plan offered. Second, the recommendation should focus primarily on what will be done to achieve the patient’s values. Focusing on what the clinicians will do may help the family feel that the clinicians are still “trying” and not abandoning their loved one. In this case, the team will continue medical care that will help the patient regain/maintain independence. Only after talking about what will be done should the clinician point out that certain interventions will not achieve the patient’s goals and thus will not be done:

“It sounds like your father really valued his independence and that this illness has really taken that away. Knowing this, would it be helpful for me to make a recommendation for next steps?” “I think we should continue providing excellent medical care for your father in hopes he can get better and go home. One the other hand, if he gets worse, we should not use therapies such as CPR or dialysis that are unlikely to help him regain his independence.”

Finally, be concrete when planning next steps. If a time-limited trial of a therapy is proposed, make sure the family understands what a successful and unsuccessful trial will look like. Make plans to meet again on a specific date in order to ensure the family understands the progress being made. If a transition to comfort care is agreed upon, ensure support of the entire family during the next hours to days and offer services such as chaplaincy or child life specialists.