1. Froehlich TE, Lanphear BP, Epstein JN, et al. Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a national sample of US children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(9):857-864. 2. Visser SN, Lesesne CA, Perou R. National estimates and factors associated with medication treatment for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2007;119 (Suppl 1):S99-S106. 3. Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Ghandour RM, et al. Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. children and adolescents, 2016. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018;47(2):199-212. 4. Molina BS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, et al. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(5):484-500. 5. Charach A, Dashti B, Carson P, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effectiveness of treatment in at-risk preschoolers; long-term effectiveness in all ages; and variability in prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK82368/ . 6. Wehmeier PM, Schacht A, Barkley RA. Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact on quality of life. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(3):209-217. 7. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, et al. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(2):192-202. 8. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Mick E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities, and neurobiology. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(6):631-642. 9. Pliszka S, the AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(7):894-921. 10. Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):1007-1022. 11. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(12):1073-1086. 12. Abikoff H, Hechtman L, Klein RG, et al. Symptomatic improvement in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(7):802-811. 13. Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, et al. Long-term school outcomes for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based perspective. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28(4):265-273. 14. Scheffler RM, Brown TT, Fulton BD, et al. Positive association between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder medication use and academic achievement during elementary school. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1273-1279. 15. Dalsgaard S, Nielsen HS, Simonsen M. Five-fold increase in national prevalence rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and other psychiatric disorders: a Danish register-based study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23(7):432-439. 16. Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J, et al. Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(21):2006-2014. 17. Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, D’Onofrio BM, et al. Serious transport accidents in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effect of medication: a population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(3):319-325. 18. Chang Z, Quinn PD, Hur K, et al. Association between medication use for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of motor vehicle crashes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(6):597-603. 19. Dalsgaard S, Leckman JF, Mortensen PB, et al. Effect of drugs on the risk of injuries in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(8):702-709. 20. Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, et al. Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(8):878-885. 21. Fischer M, Barkley RA. Childhood stimulant treatment and risk for later substance abuse. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(Suppl 11):19-23. 22. Biederman J. Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) decreases the risk for substance abuse: findings from a longitudinal follow-up of youths with and without ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(Suppl 11):3-8. 23. Chang Z, D’Onofrio BM, Quinn PD, et al. Medicationfor attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for depression: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80(12):916-922. 24. World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. https://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_full_report.pdf?ua=1 . Published 2003. Accessed July 22, 2019. 25. Perwien A, Hall J, Swensen A, et al. Stimulant treatment patterns and compliance in children and adults with newly treated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004;10(2):122-129. 26. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Zimmerman B. An analysis of patient adherence to treatment during a 1-year, open-label study of OROS methylphenidate in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2007;11(2):157-166. 27. Barner JC, Khoza S, Oladapo A. ADHD medication use, adherence, persistence and cost among Texas Medicaid children. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(Suppl 2):13-22. 28. Brinkman WB, Baum R, Kelleher KJ, et al. Relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder care and medication continuity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(4):289-294. 29. Bokhari FAS, Heiland F, Levine P, et al. Risk factors for discontinuing drug therapy among children with ADHD. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology. 2008;8(3):134-158. 30. Thiruchelvam D, Charach A, Schachar RJ. Moderators and mediators of long-term adherence to stimulant treatment in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(8):922-928. 31. DosReis S, Mychailyszyn MP, Evans-Lacko SE, et al. The meaning of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication and parents’ initiation and continuity of treatment for their child. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(4):377-383. 32. dosReis S, Myers MA. Parental attitudes and involvement in psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD: a conceptual model. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008;20(2):135-141. 33. Bussing R, Koro-Ljungberg M, Noguchi K, et al. Willingness to use ADHD treatments: a mixed methods study of perceptions by adolescents, parents, health professionals and teachers. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(1):92-100. 34. Brinkman WB, Sucharew H, Majcher JH, et al. Predictors of medication continuity in children with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2018;141(6). doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2580. 35. Coletti DJ, Pappadopulos E, Katsiotas NJ, et al. Parent perspectives on the decision to initiate medication treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(3):226-237. 36. Bussing R, Gary FA. Practice guidelines and parental ADHD treatment evaluations: friends or foes? Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2001;9(5):223-233. 37. Charach A, Gajaria A. Improving psychostimulant adherence in children with ADHD. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8(10):1563-1571. 38. Rieppi R, Greenhill LL, Ford RE, et al. Socioeconomic status as a moderator of ADHD treatment outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(3):269-277. 39. Swanson JM, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE, et al. Secondary evaluations of MTA 36-month outcomes: propensity score and growth mixture model analyses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):1003-1014. 40. Gau SS, Shen HY, Chou MC, et al. Determinants of adherence to methylphenidate and the impact of poor adherence on maternal and family measures. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(3):286-297. 41. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock C, et al. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria--III. Mother-child interactions, family conflicts and maternal psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1991;32(2):233-255. 42. Kashdan TB, Jacob RG, Pelham WE, et al. Depression and anxiety in parents of children with ADHD and varying levels of oppositional defiant behaviors: modeling relationships with family functioning. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33(1):169-181. 43. Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, et al. Parental opinions regarding treatment for social anxiety disorder in youth. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2003;24(5):315-322. 44. Leslie LK, Aarons GA, Haine RA, et al. Caregiver depression and medication use by youths with ADHD who receive services in the public sector. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(1):131-134. 45. Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, et al. Long-term stimulant medication treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a population-based study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006;27(1):1-10. 46. Atzori P, Usala T, Carucci S, et al. Predictive factors for persistent use and compliance of immediate-release methylphenidate: a 36-month naturalistic study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(6):673-681. 47. Chen CY, Yeh HH, Chen KH, et al. Differential effects of predictors on methylphenidate initiation and discontinuation among young people with newly diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(3):265-273. 48. Winterstein AG, Gerhard T, Shuster J, et al. Utilization of pharmacologic treatment in youths with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Medicaid database. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(1):24-31. 49. Marcus SC, Wan GJ, Kemner JE, et al. Continuity of methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(6):572-578. 50. Cummings JR JX, Allen L, Lally C, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in ADHD treatment quality among Medicaid-enrolled youth. Pediatrics. 2017;139(6):e2016-e2044. 51. Hudson JL, Miller GE, Kirby JB. Explaining racial and ethnic differences in children’s use of stimulant medications. Med Care. 2007;45(11):1068-1075. 52. van den Ban E, Souverein PC, Swaab H, et al. Less discontinuation of ADHD drug use since the availability of long-acting ADHD medication in children, adolescents and adults under the age of 45 years in the Netherlands. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2010;2(4):213-220. 53. Charach A, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Stimulant treatment over five years: adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(5):559-567. 54. Toomey SL, Sox CM, Rusinak D, et al. Why do children with ADHD discontinue their medication? Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012;51(8):763-769. 55. Brinkman WB, Simon JO, Epstein JN. Reasons why children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder stop and restart taking medicine. Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(3):273-280. 56. Wehmeier PM, Dittmann RW, Banaschewski T. Treatment compliance or medication adherence in children and adolescents on ADHD medication in clinical practice: results from the COMPLY observational study. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2015;7(2):165-174. 57. Frank E, Ozon C, Nair V, et al. Examining why patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder lack adherence to medication over the long term: a review and analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(11):e1459-e1468. 58. Pozzi M, Carnovale C, Peeters G, et al. Adverse drug events related to mood and emotion in paediatric patients treated for ADHD: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:161-178. 59. Stuckelman ZD, Mulqueen JM, Ferracioli-Oda E, et al. Risk of irritability with psychostimulant treatment in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(6):e648-e655. 60. Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(9):727-738. 61. Lawson KA, Johnsrud M, Hodgkins P, et al. Utilization patterns of stimulants in ADHD in the Medicaid population: a retrospective analysis of data from the Texas Medicaid program. Clin Ther. 2012;34(4):944-956 e944. 62. Olfson M, Marcus S, Wan G. Stimulant dosing for children with ADHD: a medical claims analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(1):51-59. 63. Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, et al. 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):989-1002. 64. Van Cleave J, Leslie LK. Approaching ADHD as a chronic condition: implications for long-term adherence. Pediatr Ann. 2008;37(1):19-26. 65. Leslie LK, Plemmons D, Monn AR, et al. Investigating ADHD treatment trajectories: listening to families’ stories about medication use. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28(3):179-188. 66. Fiks AG, Mayne S, Localio AR, et al. Shared decision making and behavioral impairment: a national study among children with special health care needs. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:153. 67. Stevens J, Harman JS, Kelleher KJ. Race/ethnicity and insurance status as factors associated with ADHD treatment patterns. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15(1):88-96. 68. Charach A, Skyba A, Cook L, et al. Using stimulant medication for children with ADHD: what do parents say? A brief report. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(2):75-83. 69. Chen CY, Gerhard T, Winterstein AG. Determinants of initial pharmacological treatment for youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolescent Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(2):187-195. 70. National Council on Patient Information and Education. Enhancing prescription medication adherence: a national action plan. http://www.bemedwise.org/docs/enhancingprescriptionmedicineadherence.pdf . Published August 2007. Accessed July 22, 2019. 71. Kahana S, Drotar D, Frazier T. Meta-analysis of psychological interventions to promote adherence to treatment in pediatric chronic health conditions. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33(6):590-611. 72. Johnston C, Mash EJ. Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: review and recommendations for future research. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2001;4(3):183-207. 73. Chronis AM, Lahey BB, Pelham WE Jr., et al. Psychopathology and substance abuse in parents of young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(12):1424-1432. 74. Chacko A, Newcorn JH, Feirsen N, et al. Improving medication adherence in chronic pediatric health conditions: a focus on ADHD in youth. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(22):2416-2423. 75. Brinkman WB, Hartl Majcher J, Polling LM, et al. Shared decision-making to improve attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder care. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;93(1):95-101. 76. American Academy of Pediatrics. Caring for children with ADHD: a resource toolkit for clinicians. 2nd ed. https://www.aap.org/en-us/pubserv/adhd2/Pages/default.aspx . Published 2011. Accessed July 22, 2019. 77. The REACH Institute. Course dates and registration. http://www.thereachinstitute.org/services/for-primary-care-practitioners/training-dates-and-registration . Accessed July 22, 2019. 78. Sells D, Davidson L, Jewell C, et al. The treatment relationship in peer-based and regular case management for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(8):1179-1184. 79. Hoagwood KE, Green E, Kelleher K, et al. Family advocacy, support and education in children’s mental health: results of a national survey. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2008;35(1-2):73-83. 80. Klein MD, Beck AF, Henize AW, et al. Doctors and lawyers collaborating to HeLP children—outcomes from a successful partnership between professions. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2013;24(3):1063-1073. 81. Weintraub D, Rodgers MA, Botcheva L, et al. Pilot study of medical-legal partnership to address social and legal needs of patients. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(Suppl 2):157-168. 82. Bradley CL, Luder HR, Beck AF, et al. Pediatric asthma medication therapy management through community pharmacy and primary care collaboration. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2016;56(4):455-460. 83. Noyes K, Bajorska A, Fisher S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the school-based asthma therapy (SBAT) program. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e709-e717. 84. Halterman JS, Fagnano M, Montes G, et al. The school-based preventive asthma care trial: results of a pilot study. J Pediatr. 2012;161(6):1109-1115. 85. Halterman JS, Szilagyi PG, Fisher SG, et al. Randomized controlled trial to improve care for urban children with asthma: results of the school-based asthma therapy trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(3):262-268.