1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing adverse childhood experiences. Published April 3, 2020. Accessed January 26, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/aces/fastfact.html 2. Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Green JG, et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO world mental health surveys. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:378-385. 3. Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, et al. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2012;9(11):e1001349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349 4. Spertus IL, Yehuda R, Wong CM, et al. Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(11):1247-1258. 5. Glück TM, Knefel M, Lueger-Schuster B. A network analysis of anger, shame, proposed ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder, and different types of childhood trauma in foster care settings in a sample of adult survivors. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(suppl 3):1372543. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1372543 6. Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Felitti VJ, et al. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1453-1460. 7. Sareen J. Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Updated December 3, 2020. Accessed January 26, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathophysiology-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis 8. Widom CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. Am J Psychiatry. 1999:156;1223-1229. 9. Rutter M. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1987;57(3):316-331. 10. Ahern NR, Kiehl EM, Sole ML, et al. A review of instruments measuring resilience. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2006;29(2):103-125. 11. Zimmerman MA. Resiliency theory: a strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Health Educ Behav. 2013;40(4):381-383. 12. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82. 13. Munoz RT, Hanks H, Hellman CM. Hope and resilience as distinct contributors to psychological flourishing among childhood trauma survivors. Traumatology. 2020;26(2):177-184. 14. Baxter MA, Hemming EJ, McIntosh HC, et al. Exploring the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and hope. J Child Sex Abus. 2017;26(8):948-956. 15. Hellman CM, Gwinn C. Camp HOPE as an intervention for children exposed to domestic violence: a program evaluation of hope, and strength of character. Child Adolesc Soc Work J. 2017;34:269-276. 16. Bracha HS, Garcia-Rill E, Mrak RE, et al. Postmortem locus coeruleus neuron count in three American veterans with probable or possible war-related PTSD. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;17(4):503-9. 17. de Lange GM. Understanding the cellular and molecular alterations in PTSD brains: the necessity of post-mortem brain tissue. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(1):1341824. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1341824 18. Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, et al. Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(3):722-729. 19. Greeson JKP, Briggs EC, Kisiel CL, et al. Complex trauma and mental health in children and adolescents placed in foster care: findings from the national child traumatic stress network. Child Welfare. 2011;90(6):91-108. 20. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. 21. American Psychological Association. PTSD assessment instruments. Updated September 26, 2018. Accessed January 27, 2021. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/assessment/ 22. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Ford K, et al. Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(10):e517-e528. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30145-8 23. Mullen PE, Martin JL, Anderson JC, et al. Childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:721-732. 24. Kendler KS, Bulik CM, Silberg J, et al. Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women. An epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(10):953-959. 25. Chard KM, Gilman R. Counseling trauma victims: 4 brief therapies meet the test . Current Psychiatry. 2005;4(8):50,55-58,61-62. 26. Guideline Development Panel for the Treatment of PTSD in Adults, American Psychological Association. Summary of the clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. American Psychol. 2019;74(5):596-607. 27. American Psychological Association. Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. PTSD treatments. Updated June 2020. Accessed January 27, 2021. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments/ 28. Kip KE, Elk CA, Sullivan KL, et al. Brief treatment of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by use of accelerated resolution therapy (ART(®)). Behav Sci (Basel). 2012;2(2):115-134. 29. Steckler T, Risbrough V. Pharmacological treatment of PTSD - established and new approaches. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(2):617-627. 30. Davidson JR, Connor KM, Hertzberg MA, et al. Maintenance therapy with fluoxetine in posttraumatic stress disorder: a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25(2):166-169. 31. Benedek DM, Friedman MJ, Zatzick D, et al. Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Focus. 2009;7(2):204-213. 32. Aerni A, Traber R, Hock C, et al. Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiat. 2004;161(8):1488-1490. 33. McGhee LL, Maani CV, Garza TH, et al. The correlation between ketamine and posttraumatic stress disorder in burned service members. J Trauma. 2008;64(2 suppl):S195-S198. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318160ba1d