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Teen Gangs: Integrated Interventions Work Best

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Dr. Bell's Perspective

Analyses of official crime statistics reveal a sharp increase in the

arrest rates for homicide from 1983 to 1993, especially among youth. In

response to increased numbers of homicide arrests, policies aimed at

getting tough on youth crime were enacted, gun control laws were passed,

boot camps were established, and children were waived from the juvenile

justice systems into adult criminal courts.

From my perspective, those policies were grave errors, as they did

not take into account an understanding of youth development and they

failed to take a scientific, public health approach. Instead, those

policies took a wrong-headed, reactionary, criminal justice approach to

youth violence. Despite the lack of evidence suggesting that body

slamming the adolescent through the criminal justice system is

effective, it is the approach that continues to prevail.

More than 100 years ago, the Institute for Juvenile Research began as

the first child-guidance clinic in the United States, and the research

of the day clearly established that the reasons that youth were

delinquent were neither genetic nor biological. Rather, the juveniles'

context – such as homelessness and poverty – was driving their behavior.

Thus, the construction of social fabric around these wayward youth was

determined to be necessary to prevent criminal behavior. The extent to

which we have completely lost our way regarding those early lessons is

fascinating.

Criminal justice is a much bigger, well-funded business than is the

social service field, and too many economic forces are at work that

ensure the success of the criminal justice approach at the expense of

the ethical and humane approach to heal these social ills. Nevertheless,

we must remember that evidence-based interventions do exist to prevent

the descent of our youth into violence and gang activity. When delivered

early and consistently enough, such interventions can – and should – be

integrated into the current system of justice and social service.


 

An example of a multidisciplinary, integrated approach to reducing youth gang involvement and violence is the Youth & Police Initiative (YPI) developed by the North American Family Institute (NAFI) in which groups of community law enforcement agents are paired with at-risk teens from high-crime neighborhoods to discuss drug use, violence, gang activity, and youth-police interactions.

Through structured presentations, group learning, and problem-solving activities, the teens and the police officers explore their values and their attitudes about race, violence, respect, and law enforcement. Role-playing, de-escalation techniques, effective communication strategies, and team-building exercises are incorporated into the curriculum and aid in the development of new initiatives to enhance community policing.

Each training ends with a celebration attended by the teens and the police officers, as well as family members, political and religious leaders, and members of the community. Teen participants are offered follow-up leadership training by NAFI.

To date, the YPI initiative has been implemented in Boston, Baltimore, and White Plains and Yonkers, N.Y., and has been associated with significant increases in police officers' understanding of adolescent development and knowledge of urban socialization issues. The initiative also has improved the use of effective communication strategies between at-risk teens and police officers, according to Frank Straub, Ph.D., former commissioner of the White Plains Department of Public Safety, who credits that city's decrease in gang-related crime to the success of the program.

When it comes to the allocation of “gang-prevention dollars,” the most judicious spending should focus on “investments in proven programs that equip young people with life skills and alternative opportunities for engagement,” Mr. Ogletree stated in his testimony. “Additionally, programs and policies that treat problems related to conditions of poverty, educational failure, and isolation – all of which make gang membership attractive to youths living in communities of extreme disadvantage – have demonstrated their effectiveness and efficiency.” The most promising programs, he noted, are those that begin in preschool and are sustained over time through middle school and high school; provide a web of support by including families, schools, and communities; and focus on individual, social, and cultural development.

By Diana Mahoney. Share your thoughts and suggestions at cpnews@elsevier.com

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