More than one in four women who were later diagnosed with breast cancer had a combined state anxiety and depressive symptoms, and this helped predict quality of life, state anxiety, depressive symptoms, and fatigue at 12 and 24 months after surgery, according to a multicenter prospective study reported in the February 2012 issue of the Journal of Affective Disorders.
Incidence of breast cancer in Europe is 88/100,000 individuals, with survival rates of 24.3/100,000. A recent study estimated that 16.3% of cancer patients have clinical depression and 20.7% have all types of depression, respectively. However, few studies address the relationship between baseline anxiety and/or depression and quality of life.
So, Lotje van Esch, a doctoral candidate at the Center of Research on Psychology and Somatic Diseases at Tilburg University in the Netherlands, and her coauthors began to investigate state anxiety (namely, the level of momentary anxiety), depressive symptoms, and combined state anxiety and depressive symptoms (CADS) the relationship to quality of life, fatigue, and mood at 12 and 24 months after surgery in women with breast cancer (J. Affect. Disord. 2012;136:895-901).
They recruited 1,501 women referred by the national screening program or their general practitioners to six hospitals. These women, who had not yet received a diagnosis, completed a set of questionnaires that measured state anxiety, the presence and degree of depressive symptoms over the previous week, fatigue, quality of life, personality trait neuroticism, and trait anxiety.
Among these subjects, 407 women (27% of all subjects) were diagnosed with breast cancer, and 111 (28% of those diagnosed with cancer) had CADS at baseline. These patients completed questionnaires again at 12 and 24 months after surgery, although 75 dropped out between baseline and 12 months, and 24 dropped out between 12 and 14 months. The researchers also gathered demographic data and medical information on disease stage at diagnosis, type of operation and adjuvant treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormone treatment.
Of the remaining 332 patients who were in the study at 12 months, 14% had CADS, the results show. And, 10% of the remaining 246 patients had CADS at 24 months, and 10% had CADS at 12 and 24 months, respectively.
And, 10% of the remaining 246 patients at 24 months, 10% had CADS at 12 and 24 months, respectively.
At 12 and 24 months, 21% of the group had elevated depressive symptoms, and 20% had state anxiety. Of the group that had CADS at baseline, a greater percentage had elevated levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and CADS at 12 and 24 months than did the group that did not have CADS at baseline.
"[The] CADS group had elevated levels of state anxiety, depressive symptoms, and CADS at all follow-up measure moments in the 2 years after baseline, compared with the non-CADS group," the researchers said. "In both groups, these scores decreased over time but, after 24 months, the CADS, state anxiety, and depressive symptoms scores of the CADS group were still about three times as high as the scores in the non-CADS group. This implies that the CADS group experienced considerably more anxiety and/or depressive symptoms even 24 months after surgery."
On further analysis, the researchers found that CADS and neuroticism were both significant predictors of patients’ quality of life, fatigue, depressive symptoms, and state anxiety at 12 and 24 months after surgery, the researchers found.
The findings in this study suggest that clinicians use questionnaires or screening instruments to identify those women with a higher score on state anxiety and depressive symptom, the researchers say, and that they should do so as soon as possible when diagnosing and treating breast cancer. "Only by identifying this group of patients, tailored psychological care can be accomplished," they add.
The study’s strength was its prospective multicenter and longitudinal design. A limitation, however, was that some data were not available because some patients dropped out, and because some women were included less than 2 years earlier. Also, those who dropped out often cited a high stress level, meaning that anxiety levels might have been higher in the patients who did not participate.
The authors had no conflicts of interest to declare, and there were no study sponsors.