Clinical Review

Cardiac Biomarkers: Current Standards, Future Trends

Author and Disclosure Information

 

36. Fischer JH, Jeschkeit-Schubbert S, Kuhn-Régnier F, Switkowski R. The origin of CK-MB serum levels and CK-MB/total CK ratios: measurements of CK isoenzyme activities in various tissues. Internet J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;7(1).

37. Adams JE 3rd, Abendschein DR, Jaffe AS. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury: is MB creatine kinase the choice for the 1990s? Circulation. 1993;88(2):750-763.

38. Newby LK, Roe MT, Chen AY, et al; CRUSADE Investigators. Frequency and clinical implications of discordant creatine kinase-MB and troponin measurements in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(2):312-318.

39. Lim CC, van Gaal WJ, Testa L, et al. With the “universal definition,” measurement of creatine kinase–myocardial band rather than troponin allows more accurate diagnosis of periprocedural necrosis and infarction after coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(6):653-661.

40. Kilcullen N, Viswanathan K, Das R, et al; EMMACE-2 Investigators. Heart-type fatty acid–binding protein predicts long-term mortality after acute coronary syndrome and identifies high-risk patients across the range of troponin values. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(21):2061-2067.

41. Viswanathan K, Kilcullen N, Morrell C, et al. Heart-type fatty acid–binding protein predicts long-term mortality and re-infarction in consecutive patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome who are troponin-negative. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55(23): 2590-2598.

42. Abadie JM, Blassingame CL, Bankson DD. Albumin cobalt binding assay to rule out acute coronary syndrome. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2005;35(1):66-72.

43. Anwaruddin S, Januzzi JL Jr, Baggish AL, et al. Ischemia-modified albumin improves the usefulness of standard cardiac biomarkers for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in the emergency department setting. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;123(1):140-145.

44. Piwowar A, Knapik-Kordecka M, Warwas M. Ischemia-modified albumin level in type 2 diabetes mellitus: preliminary report. Dis Markers. 2008; 24(6):311-317.

45. Prefumo F, Gaze DC, Papageorghiou AT, et al. First trimester maternal serum ischaemia-modified albumin: a marker of hypoxia-ischaemia-driven early trophoblast development. Hum Reprod. 2007; 22(7):2029-2032.

46. Gunduz A, Turedi S, Mentese A, et al. Ischemia-modified albumin levels in cerebrovascular accidents. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26(8):874-878.

47. Turedi S, Cinar O, Kaldirim U, et al. Ischemia-modified albumin levels in carbon monoxide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(6):675-681.

48. Sbarouni E, Georgiadou P, Voudris V. Ischemia modified albumin changes: review and clinical implications. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011;49(2):177-184.

49. Gaze DC. Ischemia modified albumin: a novel biomarker for the detection of cardiac ischemia. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;24(4):333-341.

50. Kaul S, Zadeh AA, Shah PK. Homocysteine hypothesis for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease: not validated. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48(5):914-923.

51. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(5):565-575.

52. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, et al. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(26):2673-2681.

53. Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al; NORVIT Trial Investigators. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1578-1588.

54. Zhang R, Brennan ML, Fu X, et al. Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2001;286(17):2136-2142.

55. Ferrante G, Nakano M, Prati F, et al. High levels of systemic myeloperoxidase are associated with coronary plaque erosion in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a clinicopathological study. Circulation. 2010;122(24):2505-2513.

56. Loria V, Dato I, Graziani F, Biasucci LM. Myeloperoxidase: a new biomarker of inflammation in ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes. Mediators Inflamm. 2008;2008:135625.

57. Apple FS, Wu AH, Mair J, et al; Committee on Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage of the IFCC. Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chem. 2005;51(5):810-824.

58. Oemrawsingh RM, Lenderink T, Akkerhuis KM, et al. Multimarker risk model containing troponin-T, interleukin 10, myeloperoxidase and placental growth factor predicts long-term cardiovascular risk after non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2011;97(13):1061-1066.

59. Davies MJ, Thomas AC. Plaque fissuring: the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischaemic death, and crescendo angina. Br Heart J. 1985;53(4):363-373.

60. Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, et al; CAPTURE Study. Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(12): 1104-1111.

61. Schönbeck U, Varo N, Libby P, et al. Soluble CD40L and cardiovascular risk in women. Circulation. 2001;104(19):2266-2268.

62. Lin TM, Galbert SP, Kiefer D, et al. Characterization of four human pregnancy–associated plasma proteins. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 118(2):223-236.

63. Bayes-Genis A, Conover CA, Overgaard MT, et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a marker of acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(14):1022-1029.

64. Lund J, Qin QP, Ilva T, et al. Circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein A predicts outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome but no troponin I elevation. Circulation. 2003; 108(16):1924-1926.

Pages

Recommended Reading

A Clinician's View: What It's Like to Have a Stroke
Clinician Reviews
Chest Pain has "Gone On Long Enough"
Clinician Reviews
Should This Man be Worried About Sudden Death?
Clinician Reviews
Worsening Symptoms in Woman with Cystic Fibrosis
Clinician Reviews
Just a Case of The Flu?
Clinician Reviews
Exertional Dyspnea Forces Man to Leave Job and Gain Weight
Clinician Reviews
Woman with Chest Pain While in Mexico
Clinician Reviews
Basketball Player with Continuous Palpitations
Clinician Reviews
Abrupt Onset Palpitations
Clinician Reviews
Abdominal Pain, Rapid Heart Rate After Cardiac Catheterization
Clinician Reviews