Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brown University, Providence, RI (Dr. Farrell); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lankenau Hospital, Main Line Health System, Wynnewodd, Pa (Dr. Leroy); Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr. Nunes). ronan_farrell@brown.edu
The authors reported no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article.
In screening, be sure the appropriate anti-HBc testing is covered. Common usage of the term anti-HBc may refer to immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM)or total core antibody, containing both IgG and IgM. But in this context, accurate screening requires either total core antibody or anti-HBc IgG. Anti-IgM alone is inadequate. Many commercial laboratories offer acute hepatitis panels or hepatitis profiles (TABLE 324,25), and it is important to confirm that such order sets contain the tests necessary to allow for risk stratification.
Testing for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) is not useful in screening. Although it was hypothesized that the presence of this antibody lowered risk, recent studies have proven no change in risk based on this value.21
How to assess HBVr risk
Assessing risk for HBVr takes into account both the patient’s serology and intended treatment. Reddy et al delineated patient groups into high, moderate, and low risk (TABLES 4and 5).21 The high-risk group was defined by anticipated incidence of HBVr in > 10% of cases; the moderate-risk group had an anticipated incidence of 1% to 10%; and the low-risk group had an anticipated incidence of <1%.21 Evidence was strongest in the high-risk group.
Patients with CHB (HBsAg positive and anti-HBc positive) are considered high risk for reactivation with a wide variety of immunosuppressive therapies. Such patients are 5 to 8 times more likely to develop HBVr than patients with an HBsAg-negative status signifying a resolved infection.16
Immunosuppressive agents and associated risks.The AGA guidelines consider treatment with B-cell-depleting agents, such as rituximab and ofatumumab, to be high risk, regardless of a patient’s surface antigen status. Additionally, for patients who are HBsAg positive, high-risk treatments include anthracycline derivatives, such as doxorubicin and epirubicin, or high- or moderate-dose steroids. These treatments are considered moderate risk when used in patients who have resolved HBV infection (HBsAg negative/anti-HBc positive). Moderate-risk modalities also include tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, regardless of surface antigen status; and low-dose steroids or cytokine or integrin inhibitors in HbsAg-positive individuals.21
Continue to: Other immunosuppression modalities...
