1. Miyakis S, Karamanof G, Liontos M, et al. Factors contributing to inappropriate ordering of tests in an academic medical department and the effect of an educational feedback strategy. Postgrad Med J . 2006;82:823-829.
2. Morgan DJ, Dhruva SS, Wright SM, et al. Update on medical overuse: a systematic review. JAMA Intern Med . 2016;176:1687-1692.
3. Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, et al. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA . 2015;313:926-935.
4. Choosing Wisely. Society of Hospital Medicine—Pediatric hospital medicine. Don’t use continuous pulse oximetry routinely in children with acute respiratory illness unless they are on supplemental oxygen. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/society-hospital-medicine-pediatric-continuous-pulse-oximetry-in-children-with-acute-respiratory-illness/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
5. Schondelmeyer AC, Simmons JM, Statile AM, et al. Using quality improvement to reduce continuous pulse oximetry use in children with wheezing. Pediatrics . 2015;135:e1044-e1051.
6. Kravitz RL, Bell RA, Azari R, et al. Direct observation of requests for clinical services in office practice: what do patients want and do they get it? Arch Intern Med . 2003;163:1673-1681.
7. Kravitz RL, Bell RA, Franz CE, et al. Characterizing patient requests and physician responses in office practice. Health Serv Res . 2002;37:217-238.
8. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Family Physicians. Don’t do imaging for low back pain within the first six weeks, unless red flags are present. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-academy-family-physicians-imaging-low-back-pain/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
9. Choosing Wisely. American Society of Anesthesiologists–Pain Medicine. Avoid imaging studies (MRI, CT or X-rays) for acute low back pain without specific indications. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-society-anesthesiologists-imaging-studies-for-acute-low-back-pain/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
10. Choosing Wisely. American College of Emergency Physicians. Avoid lumbar spine imaging in the emergency department for adults with non-traumatic back pain unless the patient has severe or progressive neurologic deficits or is suspected of having a serious underlying condition (such as vertebral infection, cauda equina syndrome, or cancer with bony metastasis). www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/acep-lumbar-spine-imaging-in-the-ed/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
11. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Family Physicians. Don’t require a pelvic exam or other physical exam to prescribe oral contraceptive medications. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-academy-family-physicians-pelvic-or-physical-exams-to-prescribe-oral-contraceptives/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
12. Over-the-counter access to hormonal contraception. ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 788. Obstet Gynecol . 2019;134:e96-e105. https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2019/10000/Over_the_Counter_Access_to_Hormonal_Contraception_.46.aspx . Accessed September 28, 2020.
13. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Family Physicians. Don’t routinely recommend daily home glucose monitoring for patients who have Type 2 diabetes mellitus and are not using insulin. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/aafp-daily-home-glucose-monitoring-for-patients-with-type-2-diabetes . Accessed September 28, 2020.
14. Choosing Wisely. Society of General Internal Medicine. Don’t recommend daily home finger glucose testing in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus not using insulin. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/society-general-internal-medicine-daily-home-finger-glucose-testing-type-2-diabetes-mellitus/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
15. Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, et al. Self‐monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2012(1):CD005060.
16. Peel E, Douglas M, Lawton J. Self monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: longitudinal qualitative study of patients’ perspectives. BMJ . 2007;335:493.
17. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Family Physicians. Don’t screen for genital herpes simplex virus infection (HSV) in asymptomatic adults, including pregnant women. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/aafp-genital-herpes-screening-in-asymptomatic-adults/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
18. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Serologic screening for genital herpes infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA . 2016;316:2525-2530.
19. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Family Physicians. Don’t screen for testicular cancer in asymptomatic adolescent and adult males. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/aafp-testicular-cancer-screening-in-asymptomatic-adolescent-and-adult-men/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
20. Lin K, Sharangpani R. Screening for testicular cancer: an evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med . 2010;153:396-399.
21. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Pediatrics. Cough and cold medicines should not be prescribed, recommended or used for respiratory illnesses in young children. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-academy-pediatrics-cough-and-cold-medicines-for-children-under-four/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
22. Schaefer MK, Shehab N, Cohen AL, et al. Adverse events from cough and cold medications in children. Pediatrics . 2008;121:783-787.
23. Carr BC. Efficacy, abuse, and toxicity of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines in the pediatric population. Curr Opin Pediatr . 2006;18:184-188.
24. Oduwole O, Udoh EE, Oyo‐Ita A, et al. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2018(4):CD007094.
25. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Don’t perform unproven diagnostic tests, such as immunoglobulin G(lgG) testing or an indiscriminate battery of immunoglobulin E(lgE) tests, in the evaluation of allergy. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-academy-allergy-asthma-immunology-diagnostic-tests-for-allergy-evaluation/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
26. Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, et al. Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol . 2008;101:580-592.
27. Choosing Wisely. American Epilepsy Society. Do not routinely order electroencephalogram (EEG) as part of initial syncope work-up. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/aes-eeg-as-part-of-initial-syncope-work-up/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
28. Choosing Wisely. American College of Emergency Physicians. Avoid CT of the head in asymptomatic adult patients in the emergency department with syncope, insignificant trauma and a normal neurological evaluation. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/acep-avoid-head-ct-for-asymptomatic-adults-with-syncope/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
29. Choosing Wisely. American College of Physicians. In the evaluation of simple syncope and a normal neurological examination, don’t obtain brain imaging studies (CT or MRI). www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-college-physicians-brain-imaging-to-evaluate-simple-syncope/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
30. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Neurology. Don’t perform imaging of the carotid arteries for simple syncope without other neurologic symptoms. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-academy-neurology-carotid-artery-imaging-for-simple-syncope/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
31. Josephson CB, Rahey S, Sadler RM. Neurocardiogenic syncope: frequency and consequences of its misdiagnosis as epilepsy. Can J Neurol Sci . 2007;34:221-224.
32. Mendu ML, McAvay G, Lampert R, et al. Yield of diagnostic tests in evaluating syncopal episodes in older patients. Arch Intern Med . 2009;169:1299-1305.
33. Choosing Wisely. American Academy of Pediatrics–Section on Surgery. Avoid referring most children with umbilical hernias to a pediatric surgeon until around age 4-5 years. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/aap-sosu-avoid-surgery-referral-for-umbilical-hernias-until-age-4-5/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
34. Antonoff MB, Kreykes NS, Saltzman DA, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Surgery hernia survey revisited. J Pediatr Surg . 2005;40:1009-1014.
35. Choosing Wisely. American Geriatrics Society. Avoid using prescription appetite stimulants or high-calorie supplements for treatment of anorexia or cachexia in older adults; instead, optimize social supports, discontinue medications that may interfere with eating, provide appealing food and feeding assistance, and clarify patient goals and expectations. www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-geriatrics-society-prescription-appetite-stimulants-to-treat-anorexia-cachexia-in-elderly/ . Accessed September 28, 2020.
36. Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, et al. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Sys Rev . 2009(2):CD003288.
37. Fox CB, Treadway AK, Blaszczyk AT, et al. Megestrol acetate and mirtazapine for the treatment of unplanned weight loss in the elderly. Pharmacotherapy . 2009;29:383-397.
