DALLAS — The investigational acute decompensated heart failure drug levosimendan garnered mixed reviews for its less-than-stellar performance in two large, multinational, double-blind, randomized clinical trials presented at the annual scientific sessions of the American Heart Association.
Levosimendan has both inotropic and vasodilator properties. But unlike other positive inotropes, whose action is mediated by increased intracellular calcium, levosimendan enhances cardiac myofilament sensitivity to an unchanged concentration of calcium. The drug also possesses peripheral vasodilator action mediated by an agonist effect on potassium channels.
Dr. Milton Packer reported on 600 patients in the Randomized Multicenter Evaluation of Intravenous Levosimendan Efficacy (REVIVE II) trial who were hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) not adequately responsive to intravenous diuretics. They were randomized to a 24-hour infusion of levosimendan or placebo along with intensification of standard background therapies as needed.
The primary end point in REVIVE II was a composite measure of clinical status during the first 5 days of hospitalization. The levosimendan group fared significantly better in this regard than did the controls, even though levosimendan had been stopped after the first 24 hours. Of those in the levosimendan arm, 76% showed moderate or marked improvement in a composite global assessment score, compared with 65% of controls. Fifteen percent in the levosimendan arm required rescue therapy because their condition worsened, compared with 26% in the placebo arm. Levels of brain natriuretic peptide—a surrogate for heart failure severity—were halved in the levosimendan group and stayed low. Levosimendan-treated patients felt better in as little as 6 hours, and that feeling persisted through 5 days.
On the other hand, 28 levosimendan-treated patients developed atrial fibrillation and 72 experienced ventricular arrhythmias, compared with 6 and 51, respectively, on placebo. Symptomatic hypotension and headaches were also more common with levosimendan. There were 49 deaths within 90 days with levosimendan and 40 with placebo, said Dr. Packer, professor of medicine and director of the Center for Biostatistics and Clinical Science at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
He stressed that intravenous diuretics will remain the initial intervention for patients who present with ADHF. He estimated, however, that this therapy achieves an adequate response—relief of shortness of breath at rest—in only about half of the 3 million U.S. hospitalizations per year with ADHF as the primary or secondary diagnosis. It's in the other half where he sees levosimendan as potentially playing a major role.
Dr. Alexandre Mebazaa presented the results of the Survival of Patients With Acute Heart Failure in Need of Intravenous Inotropic Support (SURVIVE) study, the first large-scale study to examine the survival impact of medications used to treat ADHF. SURVIVE involved 1,327 patients in eight countries who were randomized to levosimendan or dobutamine along with standard background treatments.
The primary end point was 6-month all-cause mortality, which was 26% in the levosimendan arm and 28% with dobutamine, a nonsignificant difference. In hindsight, it was unrealistic to expect a mortality difference so long after a single 24-hour drug infusion, Dr. Mebazaa said. The results were more impressive closer to the treatment period. At day 5, for example, mortality was 4.4% in the levosimendan group and 6.0% with dobutamine, a 28% reduction in relative risk. As in REVIVE II, there was an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation with levosimendan, said Dr. Mebazaa, professor and director of the department of anesthesia and critical care medicine at Lariboisière Hospital, Paris.
Some attendees were enthused that the levosimendan trials had raised the bar in terms of the rigor with which ADHF drugs are evaluated. All currently available drugs were approved on the basis of hemodynamic gains rather than improved clinical status or outcomes.
Dr. Gordon F. Tomaselli, vice chairman of the AHA scientific sessions program committee, said in an interview that given the high lethality of ADHF and the very limited current treatment options, levosimendan “probably does have a place in the armamentarium.”
But Dr. Gregg C. Fonarow was skeptical, citing “clear safety concerns” he called “alarming.”
“It's hard to conceive that with this dosing regimen this would be a treatment that physicians would want to use for their patients. A reduction in symptoms is not going to be acceptable if it comes at a price of substantial increased risk of severe adverse events,” said Dr. Fonarow, professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, and director of the Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center.
“If you compare the serious adverse events seen in REVIVE II with what was observed in the largest trial with nesiritide, levosimendan comes nowhere close to being as safe as nesiritide,” he added. Nesiritide (Natrecor) has come under fire in the past year because of assertions it may worsen renal function and increase mortality.