KOLOA, HAWAII — The DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing premenstrual dysphoric disorder need to be improved, Dr. Meir Steiner said at the annual meeting of the American College of Psychiatrists.
“What is wrong with the DSM criteria for PMDD?” he asked rhetorically. The answer is that all of the questions listed have just yes or no answers, which indicates that the criteria are too rigid. As a result, in the 17 years since the DSM criteria were formed, the Food and Drug Administration has not allowed “any studies on PMS because they claim there are no criteria that define or identify PMS,” he said.
“I believe PMS and PMDD are on a spectrum.” PMDD is primarily what psychiatrists are dealing with, which are primarily the mood syndromes, whereas PMS is something obstetricians and gynecologists see more of, which are primarily physical symptoms, said Dr. Steiner, professor of psychiatry and behavioral neurosciences, and ob.gyn. at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont.
Dr. Steiner and his colleagues decided to try assessing DSM-IV criteria on a spectrum. With this approach, the physician would look at the symptom irritability, for example, and ask patients, “Is it severe, is it moderate, is it mild, or does it not exist at all?”
“By doing that, you have actually taken the DSM-IV criteria and transformed them from a yes/no to a continuum,” he said. (See box.)
The investigators did the same with the DSM-IV questions with regard to the burden of illness.
Dr. Steiner and his associates then created the following formula: If at least one of the first four criteria is severe (which is what the DSM-IV requires); at least four of the questions from 1 to 14 is moderate to severe; and at least one of the burden criteria is severe, then a patient qualifies for PMDD.
Then they went a step further: “If you are missing one step on each of these [criteria], you will still qualify for what we have identified as severe PMS,” Dr. Steiner asserted.
The investigators tested their new instrument on women who were at least 18 years of age, asking them to fill out a questionnaire that listed the 14 DSM-IV criteria for PMDD and then to rate their symptoms as “not at all,” “mild,” “moderate,” or “severe.” (See box.) A total of 5.1% of women qualified as having PMDD, and 20.7% had severe PMS.
To fulfill the diagnosis of PMS, “[the women] had the burden of illness and they had symptoms of PMDD, but were short one severity criterion,” said Dr. Steiner, who is also with the department of psychiatry in the Institute of Medical Sciences at the University of Toronto.
Because the FDA was not convinced that these symptoms occurred in girls younger than 18 years of age, Dr. Steiner and his associates tried the questionnaire on girls aged 12-17 years.
They interviewed 604 girls from three high schools. Nine percent of those girls qualified as having PMDD and 31% of them had severe PMS.
Of the latter, “what was missing was the burden of illness,” he said, noting that “four of the girls eventually came to the clinic for treatment.”
Dr. Steiner disclosed that he has received grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Physician Services Inc. He has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Wyeth, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, and H. Lundbeck A/S.
In addition, he is a consultant for Wyeth, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Azevan Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Bayer Schering Pharma. He has received an honorarium from Azevan.
DSM Criteria forDiagnosing PMDD
A. Symptoms must occur during the week before menses and remit a few days after onset of menses. Five of the following symptoms must be present and at least one must be 1, 2, 3, or 4.
1. Depressed mood or dysphoria.
2. Anxiety or tension.
3. Affective lability.
4. Irritability.
5. Decreased interest in engaging in usual activities.
6. Concentration difficulties.
7. Marked lack of energy.
8. Marked change in appetite, overeating, or food cravings.
9. Hypersomnia or insomnia.
10. Feeling overwhelmed.
11. Other physical symptoms, such as breast tenderness or bloating.
B. Symptoms must interfere with work, school, usual activities, or relationships.
C. Symptoms must not be merely an exacerbation of another disorder.
D. Criteria A, B, and C must be confirmed by prospective daily ratings for at least two consecutive symptomatic menstrual cycles.
Source: DSM-IV, Text Revision
Symptoms Listed On Questionnaire
1. Anger/irritability.
2. Anxiety/tension.
3. Tearful/increased sensitivity to rejection.
4. Depressed mood/hopelessness.
5. Decreased interest in executing work activities.