CHICAGO — The Framingham Heart Study risk algorithm fails to identify a significant number of individuals at high risk of coronary heart disease, and its accuracy could be improved significantly by integrating coronary calcium scoring, according to a new study from the Netherlands.
“Coronary calcium scoring, detected by CT, is a promising way to improve cardiovascular risk prediction. Population-based studies have shown that the calcium score is a strong predictor of coronary events,” said Rozemarijn Vliegenthart Proença, Ph.D., of University Medical Center Groningen (the Netherlands).
This 7-year-long study of 2,038 patients, conducted at the medical center, is supported by outcomes data demonstrating that nearly two-thirds of patients who would be classified as intermediate risk should actually be reclassified as either high or low risk. The data were reported at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America.
The study questioned whether adding the calcium score to known cardiovascular risk factors would improve risk classification in the population. It was embedded into the population-based Rotterdam Study, and 2,038 individuals aged 55–85 years were invited to participate.
“We assessed as clinical outcome coronary heart disease comprising nonfatal myocardial infarction, [coronary heart disease] mortality, coronary artery bypass grafting, and percutaneous coronary interventions,” Dr. Vliegenthart Proença said.
Investigators created two prediction models: one with variables of the Framingham risk score, fitted to this patient population, and the other including the calcium score. Risk estimates for coronary events were extrapolated to 10 years, the common time horizon for predicting cardiovascular risk.
“Then we calculated reclassification percentages to assess what the actual effect is of adding the calcium score to risk factors. Finally we compared the predicted risk, in the different categories, to the actually observed risk,” Dr. Vliegenthart Proença said.
Patients had a mean age of 70 years, and 1,171 (57%) were women. During the course of the study, 84 men and 45 women had a coronary event.
An elevated calcium score corresponded to significantly increased risk of events. Men with a calcium score over 400 had a sevenfold increased risk, compared with men who had a calcium score of 0–10. “When we adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, these relative risks did not materially change,” Dr. Vliegenthart Proença said.
The strong association between the amount of coronary calcification and the risk of coronary heart disease was evident in the women's cohort as well.
When the calcium score was included with the Framingham risk score, almost 30% migrated to different risk categories. Reclassification was most prominent in the intermediate Framingham risk category, where nearly two-thirds of men and women were reclassified as either lower or higher risk.
According to Dr. Vliegenthart Proença, this was one of the study's strengths. “Reclassification was based on the actual events. The observed risk in the different categories were calculated on the basis of our risk model, our prediction model, and on the basis of the actual events occurring in the different risk categories.”
A member of the audience questioned whether the Netherlands has used this data to change treatment recommendations.
“Actually, that's work in progress. At this moment there is no screening for coronary calcium in the Dutch population,” Dr. Vliegenthart Proença said.
Session moderator Dr. Frank John Rybicki III of Harvard Medical School, Boston, agreed.
“This was an important study because it used actual patient outcomes with a follow-up of almost 7 years to then reclassify risk, integrating calcium score into the traditional methods of risk, which is the Framingham model. And it showed with outcomes that there is a positive influence integrating calcium with those more traditional risk factors. It pretty specifically shows that integration of the calcium score has a very high chance of being beneficial in determining one's overall risk,” he said.
In a separate presentation, Dr. Vliegenthart Proença argued for noninvasive cardiac imaging of asymptomatic patients with peripheral arterial disease. A randomized, controlled trial of 231 such patients at her institution found that one in five were indicated for coronary revascularization.
Dr. Rybicki did not find this surprising. “A fifth of patients with peripheral arterial disease are also going to have significant coronary disease. We expect that.”
The studies were sponsored by University Medical Center Groningen.
Dr. Vliegenthart Proença had nothing to disclose.
Studies have shown that the calcium score is a strong predictor of coronary events.
Source DR. VLIEGENTHART PROENÇA