The combination of type 2 diabetes and depression doubled the overall risk of death and nearly tripled the likelihood of dying of cardiovascular disease within 6 years, an analysis of data on 78,282 women found.
Previous studies have shown an association between depression or diabetes and increased risk of death from any cause or from cardiovascular disease, but the combined effects of these diseases on mortality have not been well studied, especially in women. Earlier studies also tended to be smaller and to have shorter follow-up.
An Pan, Ph.D., of the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, and his associates analyzed data on participants in the prospective Nurses’ Health Study who were 54-79 years of age in 2000 and who were followed until 2006. There were 979 deaths from cardiovascular disease and 4,654 deaths from any cause during that time.
Compared with the 80% of women who developed neither diabetes nor depression, the age-adjusted relative risk of death was 1.71 in the 5% of women with diabetes alone, 1.76 in the 14% of women with depression alone, and 3.11 in the 1% of women with both diseases. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease was 1.67 in women with depression alone, 1.37 in women with depression alone, and 2.72 in those with both diabetes and depression. The results were released online on Jan. 3 and will appear in January issue of Archives of General Psychiatry (2011;68:42-50).
The increased risks with either diabetes or depression were statistically significant, and the higher risks with both diseases were significant compared with either disease alone, even after adjustment for the effects of age, family history of diabetes and cancer, history of myocardial infarction, current marital status, ethnicity, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, current multivitamin use, estrogen hormone use, current aspirin use, and major comorbidities including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
The highest risks were seen in women with depression combined with more severe diabetes, indicated by a longer duration of diabetes or treatment with oral medication or insulin. Death from cardiovascular disease was three times more likely in depressed women who had had diabetes for more than 10 years, and four times more likely in depressed women who received insulin therapy for diabetes, compared with women who had neither depression nor diabetes.
The greater likelihood of death or of death from cardiovascular disease in women with both diabetes and depression deserves greater attention, especially considering that 20%-25% of people with diabetes are depressed, the investigators suggested. An estimated 24 million U.S. adults have diabetes and 15 million U.S. adults are depressed. Adults with diabetes are twice as likely to be depressed, compared with those without diabetes.
In general, physicians don’t do a great job of recognizing major depression, and the United States can claim a relatively high prevalence of untreated mental disorders, they added. Better strategies may be needed to provide adequate psychological management and support for people with diabetes. In addition, the co-existence of depression and diabetes should identify women who are at particularly high risk, the investigators concluded.
The underlying mechanisms of the association between increased mortality and depression in women with diabetes are unknown.
The Nurses’ Health Study, ongoing since 1976, has followed a large cohort of female nurses every 2 years with mailed questionnaires (and phone calls if necessary), and had better than a 94% follow-up rate through 2006. Deaths were identified by the next of kin, postal authorities, or National Death Index. The investigators obtained the medical records and death certificates of those who died to determine the cause of death.
The current analysis excluded participants with a history of gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes, secondary diabetes, or missing data regarding depression or diabetes.
The investigators reported having no conflicts of interest. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, and the Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec.