EVIDENCE-BASED ANSWER
There is no single best evidence-based approach to the diagnostic evaluation of night sweats, given the limited number of studies on the subject. A detailed history, however, does appear to be the most important initial diagnostic tool (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, based on usual practice and clinical opinion).
No clinical trials have directly studied symptomatic relief of night sweats alone. Among menopausal women with hot flashes associated with night sweats, oral hormone therapy is highly effective in reducing their frequency (SOR: A, based on a Cochrane review with a clear recommendation). Antireflux therapy may also be effective (SOR: B, based on a cohort study). Therapy aimed at decreasing perspiration has also been suggested (SOR: C, based on clinical opinion.)
Clinical commentary
Night sweats are an increasingly common complaint
Lisa Johnson, MD
Providence Health Care Systems, University of Washington, Seattle
Complaints of night sweats among my menopausal patients have become very common with the declining use of hormone replacement therapy. Both women and their bed partners are affected, and sleep deprivation is a significant side effect, so the problem must be taken seriously.
Though venlafaxine can cause night sweats, it is also a reasonable treatment strategy for menopause-related night sweats. Gabapentin may hold promise for hormonal symptoms if reflux is not the issue. Other sinister causes of night sweats are uncommon, but are always in the back of my mind when the issue is raised, so the history and review of systems help focus the work-up. The pretest probability of unusual diagnoses guides specific laboratory testing.
Evidence summary
Night sweats are a common complaint in the ambulatory primary care setting: Of 2267 patients in 1 cross-sectional study, 41% reported night sweats, defined as “sweating at night even when it isn’t excessively hot in your bedroom” within the previous month.1 Because the peak prevalence in both men and women occurred in the group ages 41 to 55 years, there was concern that menopausal hot flashes were a confounding factor, at least for women. In a subsequent study of 795 patients older than 64 years, 10% still reported being bothered by night sweats.2
The more common causes are not widely studied
Few studies look at the causes of night sweats. Although they have been associated with tuberculosis, lymphoma, and HIV infection, these are not common causes of night sweats in outpatient care.
In the only study that specifically addressed the causes of night sweats in an ambulatory population, Reynolds3 interviewed 200 consecutive patients, 70% from a primary care practice and 30% from a gastroenterology practice. Of the 81 patients who reported having an episode of night sweats at least once a week, esophageal reflux and menopause were the most frequent causes.
Several authors agree that certain medications are frequently associated with night sweats, although the exact incidence is unknown due to a lack of published epidemiologic data.4-6 Antidepressants and antipyretics are among the more commonly cited offenders (TABLE 1).4
TABLE 1
Medications that may cause sweating or flushing
| ANTIDEPRESSANTS |
| Bupropion (Wellbutrin) |
| SSRIs |
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
| Venlafaxine (Effexor) |
| ANTIMIGRAINE DRUGS |
| Naratriptan (Amerge) |
| Rizatriptan (Maxalt) |
| Sumatriptan (Imitrex) |
| Zolmitriptan (Zomig) |
| ANTIPYRETICS |
| Acetaminophen |
| Aspirin |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
| CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS |
| Bethanechol (urecholine) |
| Pilocarpine |
| GNRH AGONISTS |
| Gonadorelin |
| Goserelin (Zoladex) |
| Histrelin (Vantas) |
| Leuprolide (Lupron) |
| Nafarelin (Synarel) |
| HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS |
| Insulin |
| Sulfonylureas |
| SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS |
| Beta-agonists |
| Phenylephrine (sudafed) |
| OTHER AGENTS |
| Alcohol |
| Beta-blockers |
| Bromocriptine (Parodel) |
| Calcium channel blockers |
| Clozapine (Clozaril) |
| Cyclosporine |
| Hydralazine (Hydra-Zide) |
| Niacin |
| Nitroglycerin |
| Omeprazole (Prilosec) |
| Opioids |
| sildenafil (Viagra) |
| Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) |
| Theophylline |
| Tramadol (Ultram, Ultracet) |
| Source: UpToDate.4 |
Finding the right diagnosis requires thorough history & exam
With such a long differential diagnosis (TABLE 2),4-6 night sweats should initially be evaluated with a thorough history and physical examination (according to a consensus opinion of various authors). If these don’t elicit possible causes, the appropriate next step in the work-up can vary. Some authors recommend multiple laboratory and imaging studies, while others advise against any routine tests. None of these approaches is evidence-based.