The Problem
Canadian universal health care system as the model for delivering health care, but is Canada's delivery system really better?
The Analysis
To help us answer this question, we turned to a case decided by the Supreme Court of Canada: Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2005 SCC 35. The decision was published June 9, 2005. (Information is taken entirely from the published decision as cited here and is available online at
www.lexum.umontreal.ca/csc-scc/en/rec/html/2005scc035.wpd.html
The Evidence
The role of public- and private-sector health care in Canada is not uniform across provinces. Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba prohibit physicians from charging patients more than they receive from the public plan, so there is no financial incentive for physicians to opt for the private sector.
Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Labrador are open to the private sector. Saskatchewan, for example, allows private-sector physicians to set their own fees. These costs are not covered by the public plan (nor by provincial government), but patients can purchase private insurance. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the provincial government reimburses private-sector physicians up to the amount covered by the public plan only.
In Alberta, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec (where this precedent-setting case occurred), private-sector physicians are free to set their fees, but the cost of their services is not reimbursed by the provincial governments, and insurance to cover services offered by the public plan is prohibited. Additionally, services provided by nonphysicians, such as psychologists, are not covered.
In Canada, the public health care system has long been a source of national pride. Criticism, however, has become more commonplace as the demand for health care has risen. One of the tools used by provincial governments to control rising demand and costs has been to allow waiting lists for health care to develop and to then manage these lists. In its analysis, the Supreme Court of Canada wrote that the demand for health care is potentially unlimited and that waiting lists are a form of rationing: “Waiting lists are therefore real and intentional.”
In this case, Dr. Jacques Chaoulli, and George Zeliotis claimed that the prohibition on private health insurance and the subsequent waiting lists deprived them of the rights to life, liberty, and security of persons guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (in essence, their federal and provincial constitutional rights).
Over the years, Mr. Zeliotis suffered a number of health problems. He used health services available in the public sector, including heart surgery and hip operations. He encountered a number of difficulties because of the waiting lists. Dr. Chaoulli had tried unsuccessfully to have his home-delivered medical services recognized and to obtain a license to operate a private hospital. The two joined forces.
In the first trial, the Superior Court of Quebec dismissed the motion for declaratory judgment, finding that–although the plaintiffs had shown deprivation of the right to life, liberty, and security within the meaning of the Canadian Charter–this deprivation was in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. That is, because the purpose of disallowing private health care is to establish and maintain a public health system available to all Quebec residents, these provisions are motivated by considerations of equality and human dignity; thus, the collective rights of Quebeckers override personal rights. The Quebec Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal. Similar reasoning was applied.
In its analysis, the Supreme Court of Canada distilled the following issue to be decided: “In essence, the question is whether Quebeckers who are prepared to spend money to get access to health care that is, in practice, not accessible in the public sector because of waiting lists may be validly prevented from doing so by the state.” The Supreme Court then proceeded to reverse the lower court rulings, writing that the prohibition against paying for private insurance “infringes the right to personal inviolability and … is not justified by a proper regard for democratic values, public order, and the general well-being of the citizens of Quebec.”
In reaching its decision, the court cited a number of problems with the Canadian universal health care system. Some patients die as a result of long waits for treatment in the public system. One cardiovascular surgeon testified that a person diagnosed with cardiovascular disease is “'always sitting on a bomb' and can die at any moment,” and said that the risk of mortality in such cases rises by 0.45% per month. The usual waiting time is 1 year for patients who require orthopedic surgery and this wait increases the risk that their injuries will become irreparable. Patients also experience considerable pain while they wait for treatment.