1. Hockstein NG, Gourin CG, Faust RA, Terris DJ. A history of robots: from science fiction to surgical robotics. J Robot Surg. 2007;1(2):113-118.
2. Tamam C, Poehling GG. Robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2014;22(4):219-222.
3. Beasley RA. Medical robots: current systems and research directions. Journal of Robotics. 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/401613.
4. Bargar WL. Robots in orthopaedic surgery: past, present, and future. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;463:31-36.
5. Matsen FA 3rd, Garbini JL, Sidles JA, Pratt B, Baumgarten D, Kaiura R. Robotic assistance in orthopaedic surgery. A proof of principle using distal femoral arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(296):178-186.
6. Cobb J, Henckel J, Gomes P, et al. Hands-on robotic unicompartmental knee replacement: a prospective, randomised controlled study of the acrobot system. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88(2):188-197.
7. Borus T, Thornhill T. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.
J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(1):9-18.
8. Berger RA, Meneghini RM, Jacobs JJ, et al. Results of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty at a minimum of ten years of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(5):999-1006.
9. Price AJ, Waite JC, Svard U. Long-term clinical results of the medial Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;(435):171-180.
10. Collier MB, Eickmann TH, Sukezaki F, McAuley JP, Engh GA. Patient, implant, and alignment factors associated with revision of medial compartment unicondylar arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(6 Suppl 2):108-115.
11. Hamilton WG, Collier MB, Tarabee E, McAuley JP, Engh CA Jr, Engh GA. Incidence and reasons for reoperation after minimally invasive unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(6 Suppl 2):98-107.
12. Hernigou P, Deschamps G. Alignment influences wear in the knee after medial unicompartmental arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(423):161-165.
13. Hernigou P, Deschamps G. Posterior slope of the tibial implant and the outcome of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(3):506-511.
14. Lonner JH. Indications for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and rationale for robotic arm-assisted technology. Am J Orthop. 2009;38(2 Suppl):3-6.
15. Lonner JH. Robotically-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with a hand-held image-free sculpting tool. Orthop Clin North Am. 2016;47(1):29-40.
16. Orthopedic Network News. 2013 Hip and Knee Implant Review. http://www.OrthopedicNetworkNews.com. Published July 2013. Accessed March 7, 2016.
17. Moschetti WE, Konopka JF, Rubash HE, Genuario JW. Can robot-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty be cost-effective? A Markov decision analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(4):759-765.
18. Roche M. Robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: the MAKO experience. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015;46(1):125-131.
19. Lonner JH. Robotically assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with a handheld image-free sculpting tool. Oper Tech Orthop. 2015;25:104-113.
20. Mofidi A, Plate JF, Lu B, et al. Assessment of accuracy of robotically assisted unicompartmental arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(8):1918-1925.
21. Dunbar NJ, Roche MW, Park BH, Branch SH, Conditt MA, Banks SA. Accuracy of dynamic tactile-guided unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(5):803-808.e1.
22. Plate JF, Mofidi A, Mannava S, et al. Achieving accurate ligament balancing using robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Adv Orthop. 2013;2013:837167.
23. Smith JR, Riches PE, Rowe PJ. Accuracy of a freehand sculpting tool for unicondylar knee replacement. Int J Med Robot. 2014;10(2):162-169.
24. Smith JR, Picard F, Lonner J, et al. The accuracy of a robotically-controlled freehand sculpting tool for unicondylar knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2014;96-B(Suppl 16):12.
25. Lonner JH, Smith JR, Picard F, Hamlin B, Rowe PJ, Riches PE. High degree of accuracy of a novel image-free handheld robot for unicondylar knee arthroplasty in a cadaveric study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(1):206-212.
26. Lonner JH, John TK, Conditt MA. Robotic arm-assisted UKA improves tibial component alignment: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(1):141-146.
27. Sinha RK. Outcomes of robotic arm-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop. 2009;38(2 Suppl):20-22.
28. Pearle AD, O’Loughlin PF, Kendoff DO. Robot-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25(2):230-237.
29. Mozes A, Chang TC, Arata L, Zhao W. Three-dimensional A-mode ultrasound calibration and registration for robotic orthopaedic knee surgery. Int J Med Robot. 2010;6(1):91-101.
30. Karia M, Masjedi M, Andrews B, Jaffry Z, Cobb J. Robotic assistance enables inexperienced surgeons to perform unicompartmental knee arthroplasties on dry bone models with accuracy superior to conventional methods. Adv Orthop. 2013;2013:481039.
31. Coon TM. Integrating robotic technology into the operating room. Am J Orthop. 2009;38(2 Suppl):7-9.
32. Swank ML, Alkire M, Conditt M, Lonner JH. Technology and cost-effectiveness in knee arthroplasty: computer navigation and robotics. Am J Orthop. 2009;38(2 Suppl):32-36.
33. Roche M, Augustin D, Conditt M. One year outcomes of robotically guided UKA. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Congress of the International Society of Technology in Arthroplasty. Sacramento, CA: International Society for Technology in Arthroplasty; 2008:175.
34. Dalton DM, Burke TP, Kelly EG, Curtin PD. Quantitative analysis of technological innovation in knee arthroplasty: using patent and publication metrics to identify developments and trends. J Arthroplasty. 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
35. Lonner JH. Modular bicompartmental knee arthroplasty with robotic arm assistance. Am J Orthop. 2009;38(2 Suppl):28-31.
36. Kamath AF, Levack A, John T, Thomas BS, Lonner JH. Minimum two-year outcomes of modular bicompartmental knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(1):75-79.
37. Song EK, Seon JK, Yim JH, Netravali NA, Bargar WL. Robotic-assisted TKA reduces postoperative alignment outliers and improves gap balance compared to conventional TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(1):118-126.
38. Chun YS, Kim KI, Cho YJ, Kim YH, Yoo MC, Rhyu KH. Causes and patterns of aborting a robot-assisted arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26(4):621-625.
39. MAKO Surgical Corp. Fact Sheet. http://www.makosurgical.com/assets/files/Company/newsroom/Corporate_Fact_Sheet_208578r00.pdf. Published 2013. Accessed March 7, 2016.
40. Ponzio DY, Lonner JH. Preoperative mapping in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty using computed tomography scans is associated with radiation exposure and carries high cost. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30(6):964-967.
41. Wallace D, Gregori A, Picard F, et al. The learning curve of a novel handheld robotic system for unicondylar knee arthroplasty. Paper presented at: 14th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery. June 18-21, 2014; Milan, Italy.
42. Wysocki RW, Sheinkop MB, Virkus WW, Della Valle CJ. Femoral fracture through a previous pin site after computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23(3):462-465.
43. Costello JE, Cecava ND, Tucker JE, Bau JL. CT radiation dose: current controversies and dose reduction strategies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201(6):1283-1290.
44. Berrington de González A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, et al. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(22):2071-2077.